• 무역상무연구
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• 제35권
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• pp.101-124
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• 2007

This paper purposes to examine the setting aside and the refusal of enforcement of arbitral awards and their implications for practitioners. The aim of challenging an award before a national court at the seat, or place, of arbitration is to have it modified in some way by the relevant court, or more usually, to have that court declare that the award is to be disregarded (i.e. "annulled" or "set aside") in whole or in part. If an award is set aside or annulled by the relevant court, it will usually be treated as invalid and accordingly unenforceable, not only by the courts of the seat of arbitration but also by national courts elsewhere. This is because, under both the 1958 New York Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law, the competent court may refuse to grant recognition and enforcement of an award that has been "set aside" by a court of the seat of arbitration. The New York Convention set out various grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of an arbitration award. The provisions of the Model Law governing recognition, enforcement or setting-aside of awards are almost identical to those set out in the Convention. Especially, the New York Convention and the Model Law state that an arbitral award may be refused and set aside if a national court of the place of arbitration finds that the award is in conflict with the public policy of its own country. Each state has its own concept of what is required by its "public policy". It is possible to envisage, for example, a dispute over the division of gaming profits from a casino. In many states, the underlying transaction that led to the award would be regarded as a normal commercial transaction and the award would be regarded as valid. Indeed, it is a consistent theme to be found in the legislation and judical decision of many countries. If a workable definition of "international public policy" could be found, it would provide an effective way of preventing an award in an international arbitration from being set aside and refusal for purely domestic policy consideration.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.31-68
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• 2023

In recent years, French courts have decided to adopt an uncompromising stance in the fight against corruption in international arbitration. While French enforcement/annulment courts were originally conducting a limited review of arbitral awards dealing with corruption allegations on international public policy grounds, they now carry a full re-examination of such awards accepting that a corruption plea be raised for the first time before them and admitting new evidence. What is at stake, in terms of international public policy, is to define the happy medium between, on the one hand, the necessity to preserve the enforceability of international arbitral awards, and, the necessity to fight corruption. This paper presents the evolution of French case law in the past years and makes a critical assessment of the French approach by comparison with other jurisdictions.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2019

This study revises current feasibility evaluation guideline for agricultural infrastructure improvement project considering recent changes in social and economic environment in rural area. We use an AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) approach to consider qualitative evaluation items in policy enforcement and balanced regional development as well as quantitative items in current economic analysis in the process of feasibility evaluation and decision making. The criteria system is composed of three level hierarchy. In the first level which consists of economic analysis, policy analysis, and regional development analysis, economic analysis was ranked top with relative weight of 0.45 and regional development analysis the lowest with 0.22. In the second level which consists of three evaluation items under policy analysis, consistency in policy enforcement, risk factors, and special evaluation factors, consistency in policy enforcement was ranked top. Finally, 13 detailed evaluation items in the third level were surveyed and ranked by using a comprehensive criticality vector. The result shows that the three most important evaluation items are 'degree of underdevelopment', 'spill-over effect of regional economy' and 'consistency with related planning and policy direction'.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the mass and social media contents and structures related to particulate matter before and after the policy enforcement of the comprehensive countermeasures for particulate matter, derive nursing implications, and provide a basis for designing health policies. Methods: After crawling online news articles and posts on social networking sites before and after policy enforcement with particulate matter as keywords, we conducted topic and semantic network analysis using TEXTOM, R, and UCINET 6. Results: In topic analysis, behavior tips was the common main topic in both media before and after the policy enforcement. After the policy enforcement, influence on health disappeared from the main topics due to increased reports about reduction measures and government in mass media, whereas influence on health appeared as the main topic in social media. However semantic network analysis confirmed that social media had much number of nodes and links and lower centrality than mass media, leaving substantial information that was not organically connected and unstructured. Conclusion: Understanding of particulate matter policy and implications influence health, as well as gaps in the needs and use of health information, should be integrated with leadership and supports in the nurses' care of vulnerable patients and public health promotion.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-73
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• 2002

Illegal fishing is often cited as a principal cause of the failure of fisheries management, expecially fishing efforts regulations in traditional fisheries management. Usually, illegal fishing problems are perceived to be equivalent to inadequate enforcement, and policy prescription then follow to strengthen enforcement programs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the illegal fishing behavior relatively recent emphasis on fishing efforts regulations in traditional fisheries management. The analysis focuses on measuring, explaining and developing the effectiveness way of enforcement strategies responding to imperfectly managed fishing efforts regulations through illegal fishing behavior and avoid enforcement fishing efforts measures. A model of fishermen fishing behavior and profit-maximizing decision making is analyzed to determine optimal fishing at individual fisherman level in response to fishing efforts regulation. The results of economic analysis of the enforcement of illegal fishing in traditional fisheries management results are as follows: First, illegal fishing will occur only if enforcement effort is not so high as to remove the incentive to do so, and if the effectiveness of avoidance is not too great, nor its cost too low. Second, avoidance effort will occur at a level jointly proportional to the extent of illegal activity and of enforcement; for given levels of the latter, the desired avoidance effort increase with its effectiveness and decrease with its cost Third, to improve the effectiveness of enforcement, understanding avoidance behavior appears to be crucial to any efforts. Forth, enforcement and fishermen behavior interact depends strongly on characteristics of avoidance, specifically its cost and effectiveness. When avoidance is neither too cheap nor too effective, the interaction is regular. Fifth, in this case, at low levels of enforcement, fishers respond to increases in enforcement by increasing avoidance, but at higher enforcement levels, it becomes uneconomical to continue to do so, and avoidance decreases with enforcement. Sixth, illegal fishing activity decreases steadily with enforcement, so the fishery manager is able, in theory, to reduce illegal fishing toward zero by increasing enforcement. If, however, avoidance is very inexpensive and/or very efficient/ then the optimal level of avoidance will increase indefinitely with increasing enforcement. Finally, less fishery enforcement is required if fishermen have less incentive to overfish, and fishermen have less incentive to avoid fishery enforcement measures.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2010

In spite of great interest and recent innovation of the legislative system in the Arbitration and other Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) system, In Japan there have been only a few case in which International commercial dispute was settled through the Arbitration compared to other countries. However, we can easily expect that foreign arbitral awards which need to be recognized and enforced in Japan will gradually increase and this makes it very important for us to review the Japanese legislative system regarding recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. In this paper, I focused on the relations between applicable laws(including convention) regarding recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Japan and some issues concerning refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Japan is a member state of several multilateral conventions concerning recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards including the New York Convention of 1958 and at least 20 bilateral agreements which include provisions in relate to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. Therefore there are some legal issues about the priority application between multilateral and bilateral agreements in relate to Article 7(1) of the New York Convention. In Japan, as I mentioned in this paper, there are incoherent opinions concerning this issue. To solve it substantially it would seem appropriate to build up concrete and explicit provisions concerning the application of priority between multilateral and bilateral agreements. On the other hand, in relate to the application between the New York Convention and National Law, it is necessary to take general approach regarding the priority application between Convention (Treaty) and National Law, considering the national application of conventions under the Constitutional System of each country. Among the grounds for non-recognition/enforcement, there are the ones that are decided under the law of the requested country, for instance, arbitrability and public policy. It would therefore be possible that some foreign arbitral awards would not be recognized in Japan especially relating to the arbitrability because its scope in Japan is not so large. Regarding the enforcement of awards annulled in their place of origin, some positive opinions in recent Japanese legal discussions, say that annulled awards should be enforced as a counter strategy of developed countries and judiciary discretion of the requested country would be needed. As mentioned in this paper, the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards is closely related to judicial policy of the requested country as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgment is. Even though there existed uniform rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards like the New York convention, each country has different internal legal status of conventions under its own Constitutional System and tends to interpret the provisions based in its own profit. Therefore, it is necessary to review, in the light of conflict of laws, the national legislative system including legal status of conventions of the requested countries concerning recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.365-369
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• 2021

Background: Law enforcement communications (i.e., 911 dispatch and call takers) is a challenging and stressful occupation. The purpose of this study is to identify the main stressors associated with employment in law enforcement communications, and to identify and provide context to how these stressors affect workers' health and wellbeing. Methods: This research study included focus groups with 23 call takers and 911 dispatchers employed by a large, urban law enforcement agency in 2018. Thematic analyses were conducted to identify trends. Results: Four themes of stressors emerged (i.e., the high stakes nature of some 911 calls for service, understaffing, supervisor-related stress, and recruiting practice). Two health-related themes emerged as being occupation-related: weight gain and poor sleep patterns/insufficient sleep). Specifically, participants reported negative eating habits resulting in weight gain and obesity, lack of sleep and irregular sleep schedules, and development of hypertension and/or diabetes since beginning their jobs. Conclusion: Law enforcement communications professionals experience a number of the same stressors facing law enforcement officers in patrol. These stressors, combined with the sedentary nature of the job, could result in long-term, chronic health problems.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

최근 네트워크 구성이 복잡해짐에 따라 정책기반의 네트워크 관리기술에 대한 필요성이 증가하고 있으며, 특히 네트워크 보안관리를 위한 새로운 패러다임으로 정책기반의 네트워크 관리 기술이 도입되고 있다. 보안정책 서버는 새로운 정책을 입력하거나 기존의 정책을 수정, 삭제하는 기능과 보안정책 결정 요구 발생시 정책결정을 수행하여야 하는데 이를 위해서는 보안정책 실행시스템에서 보내온 경보 메시지에 대한 분석 및 관리가 필요하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 정책기반 네트워크 보안관리 프레임워크의 구조 중에서 보안정책 서버의 효율적인 보안정책 수립 및 수행을 지원하기 위한 경보데이타 분석기를 설계하고 구현한다. 경보 데이타 저장과 분석을 위해서 데이타베이스 스키마를 설계하고 저장된 경보데이타를 분석하는 모듈을 구현하며 경보데이타 마이닝 엔진을 구현하여 경보데이타를 효율적으로 분석하고 이를 통해 경보들의 새로운 유사패턴그룹이나 공격시퀀스를 유추하여 능동적인 보안정책관리를 지원할 수 있도록 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2004

This paper asks the question: what choice of environmental policy instruments is efficient to reduce sulfur dioxide from stationary sources\ulcorner: In Korea, command and control has been a common way of controlling $SO_2-emissions.$ When compared to the non-incentive environmental policy instrument such as command and control, economic incentive environmental policy instrument has been the advantage of making polluter himself flexibly deals with in marginal abatement cost to develop environmental technology in the long view. Therefore, the application possibility of the incentive environmental policy instrument was studied in this research to realize the countermeasure for controlling of $SO_2-emissions.$ As a result, enforcement of the countermeasure such as flue gas desulfurizer by command and control would be suitable because power generation is performed by the public or for the public in source of air pollution and thus, economic principle is not applied to the polluter. In the source of industrial pollution, enforcement of fuel tax is found to be suitable for the countermeasure for the use of low sulfur oil in terms of the flexibility of demand for the price in the long tenn. For the permissible air pollution standards applicable to all air pollutant emitting facilities, enforcement of incentive environmental policy such as bubble, off-set, banking policy or tradeable emission penn its would be ideal in long terms according to the regional characteristics and the number and scale of air pollutant emitting facilities.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2008

본 연구는 조림 육림정책에 대하여 정책수립 과정에서 문제인식의 적합성, 정책결정 및 집행의 합리성, 정책의 지지도, 정책의 결과와 효과에 대해 측정, 분석하고 바람직한 정책대안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 조사대상은 조림 육림정책에 직 간접적으로 관여하거나 영향을 받는 공무원과 민간인을 대상으로 598명을 임의 추출하였다. 정책이 합리적으로 결정되기 위해서는 문제인식이 정확히 되어야 하는데, 조림 육림정책의 문제인식은 대부분 긍정적으로 평가되었다. 다만, 조림수종을 침엽수 위주에서 활엽수 위주로 전환해야 한다는 점은 긍정적 평가 57.0%, 부정적 평가가 38.1%로서 보다 신중한 접근이 필요하다. 조림 육림사업 시 69.6%가 기술적으로 어려움이 있다고 평가되어 이는 전문교육 등을 통해 담당자들의 기술력을 향상시켜 나가야 할 것이다. 또한 조림 육림정책 결정의 적합성과 집행의 합리성에 대해서도 대부분 긍정적으로 평가되었으나 다른 산림정책과의 상충이 있다는 부정적인 평가에 대해서는 앞으로 이러한 정책들이 산림산업의 경쟁력 제고, 산림휴양문화 증진 정책 등 다른 정책과 상충되지 않도록 하고, 조림 육림사업 담당자에게 재량권 확대방안을 강구하여야 할 것이다. 조림 육림정책에 대한 외부 지지도와 정책의 결과 및 효과에 대해서도 대체로 긍정적인 평가를 하고 있다. 그러나 정치권의 지지도가 낮은 것으로 평가되었고, 조림 육림정책이 경제적 기능 증진에 대한 기여도가 낮게 평가되었다. 따라서 정치권에 대한 홍보를 강화해 나가고 산림의 복합경영이나 임산소득 작목의 개발 등으로 경제적 기능 증진 방안을 적극 강구하여야 할 것이다.