• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.273-289
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying causes of the development of private security in the United States. These include the increasing crime rates and fear of crime, the poor performance of public policing, the decentralization of political authority, the increase of mass private property, economic growth and increase of personal income, commodification of security, insurance companies' demand for tighter security and fear of litigation, and historical events such as World War I & II. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that no single factor would account for the growth of private security in the United States. In other words, the rapid growth of private security in the United States should be attributed to the interrelated influences of the factors given above. Finally, it might be the contribution of this study that the future development of private security in Korea would be guided by understanding the case of the United States because of the similarities of the developmental process in private security industry of two countries.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.603-627
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• 1998

The leaky bucket scheme is a promising method that regulates input traffics for preventive congestion control. In the ATM network, the input traffics are bursty and transmitted at high-speed. In order to get the low loss probability for bursty input traffics, it is known that the leaky bucket scheme with static leaky rate requires larger data buffer and token pool size. This causes the increase of the mean waiting time for an input traffic to pass the policing function, which would be inappropriate for real time traffics such as voice and video. We present the leaky bucket scheme with dynamic leaky rate in which the token generation period changes according to buffer occupancy. In the leaky bucket scheme with dynamic leaky rate, the cell loss probability and the mean waiting time are reduced in comparison with the leaky bucket scheme with static leaky rate. We analyze the performance of the proposed leaky bucket scheme in discrete-time case by assuming arrival process to be Markov-modulated Bernoulli process (MMBP).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

Recently, digital imaging is frequently used by crime scene investigators. However, the admissibility of digital photographic evidence in court is often raised because of the fact that digital photographs are more easily modified than film-based photographs. Therefore, in this article, the researcher reviewed some basic theories and legal considerations related with police crime scene investigations in Korea and The United States. This article is presented in the hope of clearing up some of the possibilities of falsifying photographic evidences and in the hope of setting the strict the rules of evidence regarding digital evidence in this county.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.59-64
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• 1995

The impediment in enhancing the ship safety and combating vessel-source marine pollution depends on the combination of the immediate and mediate factors. The former is mainly caused by human errors and failure in compliance with the international convention standards in operation of compliance with the international convention standards in operation of vessel. The latter by the attitudes and activities of some of the flay states taking little responsibilities with appropriate seriousness in policing their fleets due to the lack of implementing capability of adminstrations. So long as there exists a large size of variation in implementing capability of administration between flag states a globally remarked progress cannot expect to be made in assuring the ship safety and preventing the vessel-source pollution Therefore a new regulatory regime is suggested to be adopted by IMO to maintain high standard flag state adminstrations by recommending standard paradigm to member states so that the development of a implementing culture is encouraged and supported.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.167-168
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• 2011

지역사회경찰활동은 범죄와 무질서, 그리고 범죄에 대한 두려움을 줄이고자 고안되었고, 또한 지역사회의 명백한 요구와 수요를 충족시키기 위해 나타나게 된 하나의 철학이며, 전술이 아니라고 할 수 있다. 지역사회 경찰활동의 기본적 목표를 단순한 범죄의 사후적 통제로부터 더 나아가 범죄예방, 범죄에 대한 시민의 두려움 감소, 공공서비스 강화를 통한 시민생활의 향상으로 확대하여 사전적 예방에 중점을 두고 있다. 우리경찰에서는 현재 지역사회 경찰활동에 관한 여러 가지 정책을 시행해오고 있으며, 이러한 지역 사회경찰활동과 더불어 조현오 경찰청장의 경찰성과주의는 2010년 6월 이후 커다란 이슈가 되어 현재 경찰조직에서 사용되는 평가의 척도로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사후적 대처의 성격이 강한 경찰성과주의와 사전적 예방활동의 성격이 강한 지역사회경찰 활동의 주된 내용을 살펴보고, 두 정책의 괴리현상에 대한 문제점을 살펴보도록 한다.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.155-189
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• 2004

The mission of the police as described by law is to guard the life, body and property of all citizens. Such duties should be accurately performed based on legal and democratic procedures because the works of the police are directively influencing the overall lives of the citizens by restricting their freedom. We are frequently watching the traffic police on the street or road. Traffic policing aims to reduce crime and the opportunities for criminal activity in relation to the use of roads, that is to improve road user behavior in order to reduce accidents. The characteristics of traffic accident change is not similar in each traffic condition. The purpose of this study is to analysis a type characteristics of traffic accident change, such as number of deaths and wounded persons by the time, the vehicle, the type the road, the age group. Based on the characteristics of traffic accident change, traffic accident countermeasures are proposed, in which some variable of traffic policies such as traffic facilities, traffic regulation, and traffic safety education.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.33A no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 1996

This paper proposes a new UPC(usage parameter control) mechanism that varies the token generation rate of leaky bucket by observing virtual buffer, thus achieving an improvement of performance. An acceptance of a call in B-ISDN is determined by call admission control. A UPC that polices the agreed traffic parameters of a call and takes appropriate actions to prevent congestion in networks. The cell loss probability of conventional UPC is far from that of ideal UPC. The proposed mechanism has a better policing ability and response time for nonconforming call. The proposed mechanism uses ON-OFF model as input traffic. The results of simulation show the efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2013

We analyze the queueing model for leaky bucket (LB) scheme with dynamic arrivals and token rates. In other words, in our LB scheme the arrivals and token rates are changed according to the buffer occupancy. In telecommunication networks, the LB scheme has been used as a policing function to prevent congestion. By considering bursty and correlated properties of input traffic, the arrivals are assumed to follow a Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP). We derive the distribution of system state, and obtain the loss probability and the mean waiting time. The analysis is done by using the embedded Markov chain and supplementary variable method. We also present some numerical examples to show the effect of our proposed model.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2003

ATM networks provide the various kinds of service which require the different Quality of Services(QoS) such as loss and delay. By statistically multiplexing of traffics and the uncertainty and fluctuation of source traffic pattern, the congestion may occur. The leaky bucket scheme is a representative policing mechanism for preventive congestion control. In this paper, we analyze the HOL(Head-of-Line) priority leaky bucket scheme. That is, traffics are classified into real-time and nonreal-time traffic. The real-time traffic has priority over nonreal-time traffic for transmission. For proposed mechanism, we obtain the system state distribution, finally the loss probability and the mean waiting time of real-time and nonreal-time traffic. The simple numerical examples also are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1995

Almost of all impediments to enhancing ship safety and preventing vessel-source marine pollution arise from the interaction between direct and indirect factors. The direct factors come from human errors and failure in compliance with the international convention standards for the operation of cessel. The indirect factors derive from the will and attitudes of the countries taking little responsibilities with appropriate seriousness for policing their fleets. By focusing on these aspects, this paper reviews the effectiveness of existing countermasures adopted by IMO and intends to propose a new paradigm to improve the implementation capability of each nation by suggesting frameworks of maritime administration models.