• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.74
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

(1) Kaeusetgul Cave in Kimnyong-Ri, Jeju-Do, Korea. Kaeuset-gul Cave (KC) is situated in NNE area of the Manjang-gul cave (125m a.s.l.). Kaeuset-gul Cave lies at $126^{\circ}45'22"$ E in longitude and $33^{\circ}33'09"$ N in latitude. The coast belong Kimnyeong-Ri, Kujwa-eup, Jeju-Do. Altitude of the cave-entrance is 10m and length of the cave is 90m. Lava hand-specimens of KC are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Average major chemical components of specimens from KC is as follows (wt.%); $SiO_2=47.03$, $TiO_2=3.16$, $Al_2O_3=18.41$, FeO*=13.53, MnO=0.14, MgO=5.05, CaO=8.66, $Na_2O=2.81$, $K_2O=0.67$, $P_2O_5=0.55$ in KC. Polarizing microscopic studyindicates that these specimens are described of alkali-basalt. (2) Tachibori Fuketsu (Cave) in Shizuoka Prefecture, Fuji Volcano, Japan Tachibori Fuketsu lies attoward the south in skirt of the Fuji volcano, $138^{\circ}42'04"$ east longitude and $35^{\circ}18'00"$ north latitude. The location of cave entrance is 2745, Awakura, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka Prefecture. The above sea level and length of Tachibori Fuketsu are 1,170m and 82m. Average major chemical components of specimens from cave areas follows (Total 100 wt.%) ; ($SiO_2$=50.52, $TiO_2$=1.69, $Al_2O_3$=15.47, FeO*=13.13, MnO=0.20, MgO=5.97, CaO=9.17, $Na_2O$=2.52, $K_2O$=0.94 and $P_2O_5=0.40).$ Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens may belong to tholeiite-basalt series. According to polarizing microscopic study, Au (Augite), P1 (Plagioclase), and O1 (Olivine) are contained as phenocryst minerals. (3) Gorely Cave in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Gorely caldera is located at the southeastern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, about 75km southwest of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.. Gorely lava caves are situated in NHE area of Mt. Gorely volcano (1829m a.s.1.). One of lava cave (Go-9612=K-1) lies at $158^{\circ}00'22"$ east longitude and $52^{\circ}36'18"$ north latitude. The elevation of cave entrance is about 990m a.s.1. and the main cave extends in the NNW direction for about 50m by 15m wide and 5m in depth. The cave of K-3is near the K-1 cave. "@Lava hand-specimens K-1 and K-3 caves are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis and polarizing microscopic observation. Average major chemical components of specimens from these caves are as follows (wt.%) ;($SiO_2$=55.12, $TiO_2$=1.25, $Al_2O_3$=16.07, T-FeO* =9.41, MnO=0.16, MgO=5.01, CaO=7.21, $Na_2O$=3.39, $K_2O$=1.92, $P_2O_5$=0.45) and these values indicate that the Gorely basaltic andesite belong to high alumina basalt. Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens are described of Augite andesite.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.979-995
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the preventive and the progressive inhibitory effects of enamel demineralization with fluoride releasing light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants(FluoroBond), in vitro, under the polarizing light microscope and the scanning electon microscope. The polarizing light microscopic group was subdivided into seven groups(Group A-Group G). The scanning electron microscopic group was also subdivided into seven groups(Group A'-Goup G'). For polarizing light microscopic evaluation, longitudinal sections were made longitudinally by Maruto cutter(Maruto Co., Japan) and Maruto grinding machine(Maruto Co., Japan). Sections were examined and photographed by the polarizing light microscope(Olympus Optical Co., Japan) using crossed polars and with the enamel rod longitudinal axis oriented at $45^{\circ}$ to the extinction position. For scanning electron microscopic evaluation, the specimens were coated with a highly conducting layer of gold palladium in a model Hus-4 high-vacuum evaporator and examined in an ISI-100B scanning electron microcope operated at 20kV. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean depths of artificial carious lesions under a polarized light microscope were $Group\;A(5.08{\mu}m),\;Group\;B(47.82{\mu}m,\;Group\;C(8.42{\mu}m),\;Group\;D(7.20{\mu}m),\;Group\;E(85.41{\mu}m),\;Group\;F(60.38{\mu}m),\;Group\;G(60.13{\mu}m)$. 2. There were statistically significant differences in Group B compared with Group A, C, and D(p<0.05), and also, in Group I compared with Group F and Group G(p<0.05). 3. Light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants had the preventive effects of enamel demineralization. 4. Light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants had the progressive inhibitory effects of enamel demineralization. 5. The time progress of demineralizing agent had no influence on the samples of light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants under the scanning electron microscope. 6. There was no difference between the specimens of light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants both in the polarized light microscopic group and in the scanning electron microscopic group.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2024

The Téra manganese deposit represents the most significant manganese mineralization discovered in Niger up today. The main host rocks of this ore are gondites, which are a garnet and quartz rich metamorphic rocks. The supergene weathering developed an alteration profile on these gondites. This study aims to identify the mineralogical composition of gondites and associated rocks, in order to highlight the origine of rocks and the manganese enrichment. The methodological approach adopted involved a field study followed by polarizing microscopic analysis using transmitted and reflected lights. Additionally, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to assess the manganese ore minerals present in the gondite and associated rocks, including mica schists, amphibolites, and quartzites. The petrographic study revealed a paragenesis characterized by the presence of kyanite, staurolites, garnets and plagioclases that are generally poikiloblasts with quartz and opaque minerals inclusions, emphasizing the internal schistosity which is planar, helicitic or microfolded. These features indicate a prograde metamorphism until high-pressure amphibolite facies conditions. These conditions are followed by greenschist facies conditions marked by calcite, epidote, muscovite, chlorite and muscovite assemblage which emphasizes the vertical tectonics. Depending on the alteration process, the manganese ore exhibit a granular texture at the bottom of the gondite hills, transitioning to a colloform texture towards the top, passing through the epigenization and replacement texture. The XRD analysis further revealed that the studied rocks originated from a volcano-sedimentary complex, characterized by alternating marly, arenaceous and pelitic sequences associated with submarine exhalations.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.12.1-12.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to establish the interrelationship between collagen and mast cells in periapical granulomas and periapical cysts. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on the paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 68 specimens (34 periapical granulomas and 34 periapical cysts). The specimens were stained with picrosirius to observe collagen fiber birefringence and anti-tryptase antibody to evaluate the mast cell count immunohistochemically. The mean number and birefringence of collagen fibers, as well as the mean number of mast cells (total, granulated, and degranulated), and the mean inflammatory cell density were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test, Mann Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation test (p < 0.05). Results: The mean number of thick collagen fibers was higher in periapical cysts, while that of thin fibers was higher in granulomas (p = 0.00). Cysts emitted orange-yellow to red birefringence, whereas periapical granulomas had predominantly green fibers (p = 0.00). The mean inflammatory cell density was comparable in all groups (p = 0.129). The number of total, degranulated, and granulated mast cells exhibited significant results (p = 0.00) in both groups. Thick cyst fibers showed significant inverse correlations with inflammation and degranulated mast cells (p = 0.041, 0.04 respectively). Conclusions: Mast cells and inflammatory cells influenced the nature of collagen fiber formation and its birefringence. This finding may assist in the prediction of the nature, pathogenesis, and biological behavior of periapical lesions.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.3 s.80
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• pp.317-333
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the proliferative activity of the osteoblasts and fibroblasts in the midpalatal area and to investigate the adjacent periodontal tissues of individual tooth following rapid expansion of the palate. Ten young adult dogs, aged approximately ten months, were used in the experiment. The experimental design was consisted of 1 week expansion group(Group E1, 3 dogs), 2 week expansion group(Group E2, 3 dogs), 2 week expansion and 2 week retention group(Group E3, 3 dogs), and control group(Group C, 1 dog). For each group, expansion screw was activated one time per day(1/4 turn;$90^{\circ}$) following Hyrax-screw application. The experimental animals in each group were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks following palatal expansion. Maxillary tissue blocks were obtained and prepared ior the histomorphologic and immunohistochemical studies. Light mcroscope, polarizing microscope, and soft X-ray apparatus were used in this study, and following results were obtained. 1. In polarizing microscopic study, the expansion groups(E1 & E2) showed blue color representing bone resorption and new bone formation in midpalatal suture area. E3 groups skewed less blue color compared to the E1 and E2 group. But yellow color increased by calcification in the E3 groups. 2. Immunohistochemical study revealed that positive responses of the osteoblasts to PCNA and undifferentiated fibroblasts to EGF in E1 group were somewhat increased. Positive response to PCNA and EGF were increased in fibroblasts and the osteoblasts forming new bone in E2 group. In E3 group, the positive response cell concentrated the periphery of edge of palatal process in both PCNA and EGF. 3. Throughout the expansion period(E1 & E2), light microscopic study showed the edges of the extensive resorption and new palatal processes, indicating bone remodeling within the suture. E3 group exhibited less remodeling of midpalatal suture area. E2 group and E3 group showed cementum formation and resorption at the apex of 3rd premolar and 1st molar E3 group exhibited extensive hyalinized zone on the cervical portion of buccal side of 1st molar. 4. Soft X-ray analysis of E1 group showed hypomineralized defect and microfractures in various parts of the suture areas when compared with control animals. There was no significant difference in the degree of mineralization in the midpalatal suture region between the C and E3 groups. Tooth axis showed tipping of 3rd premolar and 1st molar in the E2 group and E3 group. Based upon these experimental results, it is concluded that the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells always presented in midpalatal suture area following RPE. Differentiated osteoblasts and fibroblasts possess proliferating cellular activity until the 2 week retention period. The posterior teeth are tend to tip buccally as RPE force applied. Retention group exhibited irreversible response with severe hyalinized zone on the buccal surface of the first molar.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 1991

The fundamental conditions for growing $r-6Bi_2O_3{\cdot}SiO_2$(BSO) single crystal plates by EFG(Edge-defined Film-fed Growth) method, were investigated and characterization, quality test, property measurement were performed for obtained BSO single crystal plates. The opti$\mu$ growing conditions determined in this study were as follows: ${\cdot}$temperature gradient;$24^{\circ}C/cm$ ${\cdot}$pulling rate;2.0mm/h. BSO Single crystal plates grown at the above optimum conditions did not include secondary phase or grain boundary and were confirmed as single crystals by X-ray analysis. IT was found that the single crystal plates had <100> growth direction. G defects, ie pore, void inclusion, striation, were not detected in the single crystal plate under polarizing microscope but dislocations(microscopic defect) were found and dislocation density was $5.1\times10^5/cm^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 1982

Four new thermotropic copolyesters were prepared and their liquid crystal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and on a hot-stage of a polarizing microscope. Three copolyesters had same mesogenic unit, triad aromatic ester structure, interconnected through a random combination of either odd-even, or odd-odd, or even-even number of methylene groups in the polymethylene flexible spacers. Another random copolyester consisted of mesogenic units of 1 : 1 mixture of central methyl-and bromohydroquinone moieties with two flanking p-oxybenzoate units connected by decamethylene spacer. All of the polyesters formed nematic liquid crystal phase upon melting. The transitions for melting and nematic ${\to}$ isotropic transformations could be reversibly observed by DSC as well as by microscopic study. The thermodynamic properties for their liquid crystal ${\to}$ isotropic phase transitions were discussed in relation to their chemical structures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.423-435
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of TGF-βl, which promotes differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts, on bone regeneration. Experimental bone defects that measured 3 mm in diameter were created on the mandibles of guinea pig by removal of bone with the use of trephine burs. In one side of mandibular body, the experimental groups, bone defects were grafted with Biogran(Orthovita Co., U.S.A) and TGF-β1(R&D System Co., U.SA). In the remaining side of the mandiblar body, the control groups, bone defects were grafted with only Biogran. Guinea pigs in the control and experimental groups were serially terminated by fours on the 3 days, the 1 week, the 2 weeks, the 3 weeks, and the 4 weeks after experiment, and both sides of the mandibular bodies were removed and fixed with 10％ neutral formalin. They were decalcified and embedded in paraffin as using the usual method. The specimen sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Also, they were radiographed with a soft X -ray apparatus. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Hemorrhagic condition, observed in the granulation tissues, disappeared on the 1 week after experiment in both groups, and more prominent in the experimental group. The granulation tissues of the experimental group had larger number of cells than those of the control group. 2. Osteoblastic differentiation in the margin of grafted material and adjacent bone was observed on the 1 week after experiment in both groups. Also, bone formation was observed in immature form on the 1 week after experiment. and more prominent in the experimental group. 3. In the polarizing microscopic examination, bone matrix was very loose on the 1 week after experiment, but increase in density with time, and more prominent in the experimental group. 4. In the microradiographic examination, newly formed bone was observed in the experimental group on the 2 weeks after experiment, and this was observed earlier than in the control group. Newly formed bone was increased with time and defected area was markedly decreased on the 4 weeks after experiment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.538-553
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength and the anticariogenicity of glass ionomer cement with conventional bonding resin and fluoride releasing resin. After the shear bond strength test, scanning electron microscopic observation was performed for the evaluation of the fracture patterns in each group. Under the polarizing light microscope, artificially induced carious lesions were evaluated and the lesion depths of the samples were measured using image analyzing program(Image-Pro $PLUS^{TM}$, USA). 50 sound maxillary premolars were used for the bond strength test and another 30 for the anticariogenic test. Data collected were analyzed statistically using Oneway-ANOVA and Scheffe test. The results were as follows: 1. Glass ionomer groups(G-III, IV, V) generally showed the lower bond strength values than resin groups(G-I, II). 2. Among the two resin groups, G-I showed the higher bond strength than G-II without statistically significant difference between them(p>.05). 3. Within glass ionomer groups, statistical significance was found between G-III and G-V with the superior bond strength in G-V (p<.05). 4. Under the SEM, adhesive failure was the predominant fracture pattern in G-I and II, whereas cohesive failures were mainly observed in G-III. In G-IV and V, mixed type of pattern where the both fracture patterns coexisted within samples could be seen. 5. In evaluation of the depth of artificially developed carious lesion, glass ionomer group showed shallower depth than resin groups with statistical significance between G-III and G-I, II(p<.05). Among resin groups, fluoride releasing resin(G-II) showed the shallower depth than conventional resin(G-I)(p<.05).