• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.174-182
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• 1997

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients and it is also known of major cause of death in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After consolidation chemotherapy, acute lymphoblastic leukemia children is developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia frequently no an opportunistic infection but there were no controlled studies which have been performed to evaluate the usefulness of corticosteroid in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We experienced a case of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with febrile neutropenic 6 years old girl. She was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and prednisone. We report this case with brief review of related literature.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.321-324
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• 2007

Pneumocystis (P.) carinii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of many animal species and human, which can cause fatal pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Three 100-day-old pigs with progressive atrophy, anorexia and respiratory distress were submitted to the Cheju National University for diagnosis. Grossly, the lungs were enlarged with rubbery consistency. Histopathologically, the lungs were characterized by diffuse interstitial pneumonia with thickening of alveolar septa due to infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. Alveolar lumens were filled with a foamy eosinophilic proteinaceous material in which numerous punctiform organisms. The organisms were demonstrated as P. carinii by Grocott-methenamine-silver staining and immunohistochemistry in lungs of two pigs. In our best knowledge, this is believed to be the first report of P. carinii pneumonia in pigs in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.271-275
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• 1999

Pneumocystis carinii is the most important opportunistic pathogen of humans in the world. Pneumocystis carinii is experimentally detected in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, and monkeys, however, the organisms from different mammals are identical in microscopic morphology. The present study tried to find out more mammalian hosts of P. carinii and also to differentiate the organisms from different mammals by karyotyping. Rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, cats, and dogs were successfully infected by P. carinii, but guinea pigs and pigs were not. Karyotype of P. carinii from rabbits showed similar size range of chromosomes with that of the prototype, but in different pattern. The patterns from cats and dogs were also different from that of rats. The present study confirms that cats and dogs are infected by P. carinii and at least total three karyotype strains of P. carinii are proven in Korea.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.95-99
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• 2005

주폐포자충 폐렴은 면역 기능이 억제된 환자군에서 발병률이 높은 감염성 질환으로 특히, 후천성 면역 결핍증이나 백혈병 등의 혈액 종양 환자군, 심한 영양 결핍 환자군, 장기 이식 환자군, 고용량의 부신 피질 호르몬 사용 환자군 등이 고위험군으로 알려져 있으며, 일차성 면역 결핍증에 이환된 환아에서 주폐포자충 폐렴의 증례가 보고되어 있다. 저자들은 상기 위험군에는 속하지 않으나, 10여일 정도의 수유부진 후 빈호흡을 보인 영아에서 흉부 방사선 소견상, 폐양측에 간질성 침윤이 관찰되었고 기관지내 삽관으로 흡인한 객담의 Gomori-methenamine silver 염색 검사상 주폐포자충이 검출되어 주폐포자충 폐렴으로 확진 후 TMP-SMX 14일 투여로 호전을 보인 예를 경험하여 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

The cytological and ultrastructural findings of Pneumocystis carinii(PC) obtained from rats by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are described. All developmental forms of the PC organisms were obtained in the lavage fluid. Papanicolaou stain revealed conglomeration of PC as a foamy cast. The cystic walls of PC were well identified on Gomori's methenamine silver stain. Trophozoites and intracystic bodies were stained by Giemsa and Diff-Quik techniques. Some PC organisms were seen within the alveolar macrophages. Ultrastructurally, the cysts were almost circular in shape, and were nearly devoid of surface tubular extensions. The wall of the cyst was composed of an unit membrane, an intermediate electron lucent layer and an external electron dense layer The cysts frequently contained intracystic bodies, so called sporozoites. Occasionally empty or collapsed cysts with no intracystic bodies, and precysts were found. Trophozoites were variable in size and shape with abundant tubular extensions along the single electron dense pellicle. BAL is a useful method for concentrating the various morphologic forms of PC organisms, and is a rapid diagnostic method for PC pneumonia.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1997

Pneumocystis carinli is an established cause of pulmonary infections in immuno-compromised hosts. Several cytoiogical stains, such as Papanicolaou, Gomori methenamine sliver(GMS) and Diff-Quik have been used for detection of the organism, but occasionally can be laborious and, due to a degree of nonspecificity, may be misleading. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of immunocytochenmical stains that recognize P. carinii in bornchoalveolar lavage from experimentally Induced P. carinii pneumonia rats(n=15). In audition to routine stains for diagnosis by morphologic recognition of P. carinii on Papanicolaou, GMS and Diff-Quik stains, bronchoalveolar lavage samples were reacted with immunocytochemical stains using monoclonal antibodies(MAB) 092 and 902. In bronchoalveolar lavage P. carinii organisms were detected In 9 of 10 cases(90%) using each MAB 092 and 902, whereas GMS and Diff-Quik stains demonstrated P. carinii in 13(86%) and 11(73%) of 15 cases respectively. In lung tissue specimens(n=15) P. carinii organisms were well identified on GMS stain and immunohistochemical stains using MAB 092 and 902 in ail cases. We believe that the immunocytochemical staining using MAB 092 and/or 902 is a very useful and diagnostic tool In addition to GMS and Diff-Qulk stain to detect P. carinii organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2000

Pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen which has been found in the lungs of a wide variety of mammalian host species, and the fact suggests the possibility of intraspecific variation. Until now, P. carinii from different mammalian species are differentiated as subspecies, and the rats are known to be infected by two subspecies. The present study investigated genetic heterogeneity of P. carinii isolates from two strains of rats in Korea and China by molecular karyotyping, RFLP and sequencing analysis. Karyotypes of P. carinii were grouped into three, two from two strains of rats In Korea and one from rats in China. However RFLP of PCR product of ribosomal and MSG gene of the P. carinii isolates showed same pattern. The sequence homology rates of ${\alpha}-tubulin$ DNA of the P. carinii isolates were 96% in Seoul Wistar rats, 93% in Seoul Sprague-Dawley rats, and 85% in Chinese Sprague-Dawley rats. The present finding confirmed that P. carinii from rats in Korea are grouped into two karyotype strains which are different from that of P. carinii from rats in China. The Chinese isolate shows a little different sequences of ${\alpha}-tubulin$ DNA.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 1989

실험 동물의 면역기능을 인위적으로 억제시킴과 동시에 몇 가지 항생 물질을 투여하여 Pneumocystis carin힐 또는 다른 원인에 의한 폐염을 발현시킨 다음 각 원인별 치사율 및 평균 생 존 기간(mean survival day) 등을 비교함으로써 간질성 폐염의 원인충으로서 흑 carinil히 중요성 을 알아보고자 이 연구를 실시하였다. 실험 동물로 Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐 90마리를 사용하였고 각각 15마리씩 1개 대조군과 다음 5개 투약군으로 분류하였다. 1군 prednisolone(25mg/kg twice weekly), 2군 prednisolone과 tetracycline (75mg/kg/day) , 3군 prednisolone, tetracycline 및 trimethoprim·sulfamethoBazole (50∼250mg/kg/day), 4군 prednisolone과 trimethoprim-sulfamethozazole, 5군 prednisolone과 griseofulvin(300 mg/kg/day). 상기 약제를 횐쥐가 죽을 때까지 투여하고 각 흰쥐의 생존 기간을 측정하였다. 죽은 흰쥐는 즉시 부검하여 폐장을 적출한 후 접촉 도말 표본과 조직 절편 표본을 만들고 toluidine blue O, Giemsa, Gomori's methenamine-silver, hematoxylin-eosin, Brown & Brenn 염색 등을 하여 관찰하였다. 각 군별 평균 생존 기간은 1군 $19.3{\pm}5.2$일, 2군 $41.1{\pm}14.0$일, 3군 $50.5{\pm}18.4$일, 4군 $43.0{\pm}22.9$일, 5군 $21.8{\pm}5.1$일이었다. 카 군별 생존 기간의 차이를 비교하면 1군과 2군, 1군과 3군 및 1 군과 4군이 각각 유의한 차이(p<0.01)를 보여 세균 감염 방지시 생존 기간이 연장되는 것으로 나타났다. 또 1군과 5군의 생존 기간은 거의 차이가 없었고, 2군과 5군, 3군과 5군 및 4군과 5군은 유의한 차이(p<0.01)를 보여 진균 감염보다는 세균이나 P. carinii 감염이 흰쥐 사인에 직접적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. P. carinii 폐염에 의한 사망은 실험 17일에 최초로 나타났으며 각 군별 비율은 3군이 92.9%로 가장 높고, 2군 및 5군이 80.0%, 4군이 78.6%, 1군이 33.3%를 보였다. P. carinii 폐염으로 죽은 53마리를 분류한 바 stage 1은 11.3%, stage 2는 28.3%, stage 3은 60.4%이었다. 죽은 흰쥐의 사인을 기간별로 분류했을 때 실험 전기(1일∼28일)는 세균 감염에 의한 사망이 많 고, 실험 중기(29∼56일)는 주로 P. carinii 폐염에 의한 사망이었으며 진균과의 혼합감염이 이 시 기에 나타났다. 실험 후기 (57∼82일)에는 세균, 진균 감염 없이 모두 P. carinii 폐염으로 사망하 였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 면역억제제 투여 1개월 이후 흰쥐의 사망 원인으로는 세균이나 진균성 폐염 보다 P. carinii 폐염이 더욱 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1992

This study was performed to observe the therapeutic effects of interferon-gamma ($IFN-{\gamma}$) and gamma-globulin (${\gamma}-globulin$) in experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of immune suppressed mice. After 9 weeks, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaBole(TMP-SMZ; 10~50 mg/mouse/day), mouse $IFN-{\gamma}(5{\times}10^4$ units/mouse/day) and mouse ${\gamma}-globulin$(20 mg/mouse/day) were administered to the mice for 3 weeks by the experimental group. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by body weights, histopatholo단ic and electron microscopic findings of the lungs, and number of p. carinii cysts by Gomori's methenamine silver stain. Body weights of the mice were significantly increased in the group of combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with $IFN-{\gamma}{\;}or{\;}{\gamma}-globulin$, and in the group of TMP- SMZ treatment(p<0.05), however, little effect was found in the group of T-globulin alone. Histopathologic 6ndings of p. carinii pneumonia were much improved in the group of combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with $IFN-{\gamma}$. Treatment with either TMP-SMZ or $IFN-{\gamma}$ significantly reduced the number of cysts in the p. carinii pneumonia, but {\gamma}-globulin alone was ineffective. In electron microscopic findings of p. carinii pneumonia, the number of trophozoites and cysts were reduced by treatment with either TMP-SMZ or $IFN-{\gamma}$, and most of the cysts were empty or containing one or two intracystic bodies. The present results suggested, that combination therapy of TMP-SMZ with $IFN-{\gamma}$ had synergistic effects in treatment of P carinii pneumonia in experi- mental mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

Pneumocystis carinii is pulmonary pathogen of immunocompromised humans or other mammals. Its infection results from activation of organism involves in latent infection or form new infection through the air. Almost all children are known to be infected within 2 to 4 years of birth, though prenatal transplacental transmission has not yet been demonstrated. In this study we observed experimental P.carinii infection in neonatal rats, thus investigating the possibility of transplacental vertical transmission by Diff-Quik staining of the lung impression smears and in-sity hybridization for lung sections. The postive rate of P.carinii infection in immunosuppressed maternal rats was 100%, but that in normal maternal rats was 0%. Cystic forms of P.carinii were observed in three of six 1-week old neonatal rats born of heavily infected mothers, but none of them was positive by in-situ hybridization. Five weeks after birth, cystic forms were detected in four neonatal rats. In the lobes of the lungs, no predilection site of P.carinii was recognized. Counts of cystic forms on smears and the reactivity of in-situ hbridization in the lungs of neonatal rats 0 were signficantly lower than in maternal rats. The present findings suggest that P.carinii is rarely transmitted through the placenta and proliferates less successfully in the lungs of neonatal rats than in mothers.