• Title/Summary/Keyword: Pneumococcal Meningitis

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A case of pneumococcal meningitis with 3 time recurrences (3회 재발한 폐렴 구균성 뇌막염 1례)

  • Choi, Seung Eun;Min, Ki Sik;Kim, Jong Wan;Kim, Kwang Nam;Ryoo, Ki Yang
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.94-100
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    • 1996
  • Streptococcal pneumoniae is the second most coomon cause of meningitis in infancy and a major respiratory pathogen. It is the one of the most common cause of acquired pneumonia and otitis media in childhood. Intracranial extesion of acute otitis media occur somewhat more often from poorly pneumatized than from well-pneumatized temporal bones and in ears with a history of previous attacks of otitis media. We experienced a case of pneumococcal meningitis with 3 time recurrences in a 6 year-old male patient who had hospitalized with high fever, headache, vomiting and stupor mental state. He was diagnosed as CSF study and brain CT. Brain CT showed poorly pneumatized right mastoid region of temporal bone at that time. We report a case of pneumococcal meningitis with 3 time recurrences due to poorly pnematized mastoid region of temporal bone. A review of literatures was also presented briefly.

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Spontaneous Pneumocephalus Caused by Pneumococcal Meningitis

  • Kim, Hyun Sook;Kim, Seok Won;Kim, Sung Hoon
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.53 no.4
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    • pp.249-251
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    • 2013
  • Pneumocephalus is a condition characterized by the presence of air in the cranium, and it is mainly caused by trauma or a neurosurgical procedure. In the absence of head trauma or a neurosurgical procedure, meningitis is an extremely rare cause of pneumocephalus. Here, the authors present a rare case of spontaneous pneumocephalus caused by pneumococcal meningitis, in which simple lateral radiography and computed tomography (CT) findings of the skull suggested the diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed bacterial meningitis which later revealed streptococcus pneumonia. The patient was treated with antibiotics and responded remarkably well. Repeat CT performed after 2 weeks of treatment showed complete resolution of the intracranial gas. Here, the authors report an unusual case of a pneumocephalus caused by meningitis in the absence of head trauma or a neurosurgical procedure.

Two Cases of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated with Pneumococcal Infection (폐렴구균 감염에 동반된 비전형적 용혈성 요독 증후군 2례)

  • Jo Seung-Heui;Park Kyung-Mi;Ha Il-Soo;Cheong Hae-Il;Choi Yong
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.227-231
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    • 1999
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a clinical syndrome with various etiology and pathogenesis. And pneumococcal neuraminidase has been known to play a pathogenetic role in some cases with this syndrome. We experienced two children with hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated by pneumococcal infection. One was 21-month-old girl with pneumococcal pneumonia, and the other was 7-month-old girl with pneumococcal meningitis and sepsis. Both of them showed typical clinical manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome with prolonged anuria during the course of pneumococcal infection. The renal functions of both cases did not recovered after resolution of acute hemolytic episode and chronic renal failure developed.

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Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccines (폐렴구균백신의 효과)

  • Park, Ho-Sun
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2012
  • Streptococcus pneumonia is a very important pathogen for children and elderly people. Two types of pneumococcal vaccines are available in the market: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). PPSVs have been used for more than 30 years, and PCVs for about 10 years. There have been many reports concerning the evaluation of the vaccines' efficacies in preventing pneumococcal diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and otitis media and bacteremia, but the clinical trials had been performed with different conditions, such as diverse vaccine valencies, age groups, races, target outcomes, immunological cut-off values, and follow-up periods. PPSV is recommended for elderly people and chronic disease patients such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and hyposplenic patients. According to the data from several systemic reviews and population-based surveillances, PPSV is effective for pneumococcal pneumonia and vaccine-type bacteremia among healthy adults. Until now, however, there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of PPSV among high-risk adults. PCV is very effective in preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children, but its efficacy for pneumonia is very low among children. The incidence of vaccine-related or non-vaccine-type IPDs is increasing after the introduction of 7-valent PCV (PCV7) as a routine immunization for children. Recently, 10- and 13-valent PCVs have been used for children, instead of PCV7. Therefore, continuous surveillance for serotype change among pneumococcal diseases is necessary to evaluate the vaccines' efficacy.

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Recommendation for use of the newly introduced pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines in Korea

  • Choi, Eun-Hwa;Kim, Kyung-Hyo;Kim, Yae-Jean;Kim, Jong-Hyun;Park, Su-Eun;Lee, Hoan-Jong;Eun, Byung-Wook;Jo, Dae-Sun;Choi, Kyong-Min;Hong, Young-Jin
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.146-151
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    • 2011
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of invasive infections including bacteremia and meningitis, as well as mucosal infections such as otitis media and pneumonia among children and adults. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed for use among infants and young children in many countries including Korea. The routine use of PCV7 has resulted in a decreased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by the vaccine serotypes among the vaccinees and substantial declines in IPD among unvaccinated populations such as older children and adults as well. In addition, there are increasing evidences to suggest that routine immunization with PCV7 is changing the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases such as serotype distribution of IPD, nasopharyngeal colonization, and antibiotic resistance patterns. In contrast, there is an increase in the number of IPDs caused by nonvaccine serotypes, though it is much smaller than overall declines of vaccine serotype diseases. Several vaccines containing additional serotypes have been developed and tested clinically in order to expand the range of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Recently two new pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), have been approved for use in several countries including Korea. This report summarizes the recommendations approved by the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the Korean Pediatric Society.

A case of fatal pneumococcal 19A meningoencephalitis despite administration of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (7가 페구균백신 접종에도 치명적인 폐구균 19A 수막염 1예)

  • Heo, Ah Rum;Lee, Jun Hwa
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.4
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    • pp.508-511
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    • 2009
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of serious invasive diseases in children, especially in young infants, but seven- valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is believed to prevent invasive pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis in young children. However, recently, the incidence of non-PCV7 serotype has increased after PCV7 vaccination. A 14-month- old female patient presented at our emergency room with mental change and lethargy. Three days previously, she had developed fever and vomiting. After being admitted, she rapidly progressed to coma and brain death despite prompt and extensive supportive treatment. She expired 20 days after admission with a final diagnosis of pneumococcal 19A (non-PCV7 serotype) meningoencephalitis despite having received PCV7 ($Prevenar^{(R)}$) vaccinations on three occasions. The author reports this first fatality due to pneumococcal 19A meningoencephalitis in Korea and provides a brief review of the literature.

A Case on Streptococcal Pneumonia Associated with Leptomeningitis, Osteomyelitis and Epidural Abscess in a Patient with AIDS

  • Jeon, Jae Woong;Yoon, Hee Jung;Kim, Joo Seok;Ryu, Il Hwan;Choi, Ji Wook;Kim, Min Gyu;Na, Young Min;Yun, Hyeon Jeong
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.76 no.2
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    • pp.80-83
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    • 2014
  • Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at higher risks of bacterial pneumonia than the general population, and the pathogen is the most commonly involved Streptococcus pneumoniae. We hereby report a case of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with leptomeningitis, osteomyelitis and epidural abscess in a patient with AIDS. He is being successfully treated with ampicillin/sulbactam and clindamycin. And because the pneumococcal infection is usually associated with morbidity and mortality rates in the setting of AIDS, we should consider for pneumococcal vaccinations among the AIDS populations.

Clinical Characteristics of Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Adults : The Effect of Penicillin Resistance on the Mortality of Patients with Pneumococcal Bacteremia (폐렴구균 균혈증에서 폐렴구균의 페니실린 내성 여부가 사망률에 미치는 영향)

  • HwangBo, Bin;Yoon, Ho-Il;Lee, Sang-Min;Choi, Seung-Ho;Park, Gye-Young;Yoo, Chul-Gyu;Lee, Choon-Taek;Kim, Young-Whan;Han, Sung-Koo;Min, Kyung-Up;Kim, You-Young;Shim, Young-Soo
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.184-194
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    • 1999
  • Backgrounds : The advent of penicillin has led to the marked reduction in the mortality from pneumococcal bacteremia, however, the mortality is still relatively high in this post-antibiotic era. Actually the prevalence of infection due to penicillin-resistant penumococci is increasing worldwide, and it is especially high in Korea due to irrelevant use of antibiotics. So, the high mortality of pneumococcal sepsis might be related to the emergence of penicillin-resistant strains, however, many other antibiotics, which eradicate pneumococci effectively, are available in these days. This has led us to suspect the role of penicillin-resistance in the high mortality rate. In this study, we evaluated the effect of penicillin resistance on the mortality of patients with penumococcal bacte remia. Methods: The study population consisted of 50 adult patients with penumococcal bacteremia who were admitted between Jan, 1990 and July, 1997. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Most of the patients (96%) had underlying diseases. The most common local disease associated with pneumococcal bacteremia was pneumonia (42%), which was followed by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (14%), cholangitis (10%), meningitis (8%), liver abscess (4%), pharyngotonsillitis (4%), sinusitis (2%) and cellulitis (2%). While the overall case-fatality rate in this study was 24%, it was higher when peumococcal bacteremia was associated with pneumonia (42%) or meningitis (50%). The rate of penicillin resistance was 40%, which was increased rapidly from 1991. The rate of penicillin resistance was significantly higher in patients with the history of recent antibiotics use and hospitalization within 3 months respectively. The clinical manifestations, that is, age, severity of underlying diseases, nosocomial infection, associated local diseases, and the presence of shock or acute renal failure were not statistically different between the patients with penicillin-resistant and -sensitive pneumococcal bacteremia. The mortality of patients infected with penicillin-resistant pneumococci was not statistically different from those with penicillin-sensitive pneumococcal bacteremia. Conclusion: Penicillin resistance is not associated with high mortality in adult patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. As the overall mortality is high, active penumococcal vaccination is recommended in patients with high risk of infection.

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Changing Patterns of Antibiotic-resistant Rates and Clinical Features in Pneumococcal Infections (폐구균의 질병양상 및 항균제 내성률의 변화)

  • Jang, Gwang-Cheon;Shin, Kyoung Mi;Yong, Dong-Eun;Lee, Kyung-Won;Kim, Dong-Soo
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.81-86
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    • 2003
  • Purpose : Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, and otitis media in children worldwide. Emergence of drug-resistant organism has substantially complicated the therapy of these infections. This study was conducted to determine the clinical features and changing patterns of antibiotic-resistant rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods : We have retrospectively examined 306 cases of culture proven patients who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Severance hospital, from the year 1991 to year 2000. The type of culture specimen used, presence of penicillin resistance, characteristics according to various presenting diseases and their prevailing year were also examined. Results : The mean age of cases was 7.9 year and the ratio of male to female was 1.6 : 1. The main age group of pneumococcal infection was under 2 years(42%). Systemic infections associated with pneumococci were sepsis(19.3%) and meningitis(9.5%), while local infections presented as pneumonia(29.2%), otitis media(19.3%), exudative tonsillitis(13.3%), and sinusitis(9.2%) in the order of frequency. Seasonal variation was seen in the incidence of pneumococcal infection: high incidence of infection was seen in Spring(Mar.~Apr; 32%), while the incidence was low during summer(Aug.~Sep.; 6%). Penicillin-resistant rate of pneumococci was steadily on the increase since the year 1991(65%) to year 2000(84%). Conclusion : Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci increased during the past decade. For effective prevention of pneumococcal infections, national survey of pneumococcal infections and expanded use of pneumococcal vaccination would be needed.

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Bacterial meningitis in children experienced at a university hospital, 1993-2006 (서울의 한 대학병원에서 경험한 소아의 세균성 수막염: 1993-2006)

  • Cho, Sung Yoon;Kim, Tae Yeon;Lee, Hyunju;Kim, Kyung Hyo;Yoo, Eun Sun;Kim, Hae Soon;Park, Eun Ae;Ryu, Kyung Ha;Sohn, Sejung;Seo, Jeong Wan;Lee, Seung Joo
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.51 no.10
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    • pp.1077-1084
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    • 2008
  • Purpose : Despite the seriousness of bacterial meningitis in children, there is little information on the incidence, causative organisms, mortality rate and age distribution. We studied the frequency by age group and causal pathogens, and clinical characteristics in children with bacterial meningitis in the private sector in Korea. Methods : The medical records containing the data on bacterial meningitis patients under 18 years of age confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings were retrospectively analyzed from September, 1993 to August, 2006 at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. Results : Eighty-one cases of bacterial meningitis were observed. Overall the most common organism was Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) (30 cases, 37.0%) followed by Haemophilus influenzae (22 cases, 27.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12 cases, 14.8%), Escherichia coli (3 cases, 3.7%), Neisseria meningitidis (1 case, 1.2%) and others (13 cases, 16.0%). In neonates and young infants under 2 months, the most common organism was GBS. In children between 3 months, and 5 years, the most common organism was H. influenzae. S. pneumoniae was the most common organism in children over 5 years of age. Thirty-one patients (38.3%) had complications. Of all ages, the mortality rate of bacterial meningitis markedly decreased compared with the previously reported rate. Conclusion : In neonates, GBS meningitis was most common. The frequency of H. influenzae meningitis decreased after the introduction of H. influenzae type b vaccination. A strategy for the prevention of GBS meningitis in neonates should be established. The influence of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on S. pneumoniae meningitis should be studied.