• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.470-477
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• 2000

The states of control loops in existing actual systems are changed according to time varying conditions of controllest process and other system components. Adjusting control parameters properly at site which is performed generally by Ziegler & Nichols mthod is important for safe and efficient operation, but the method may require much time to adjust and not easy to inexperienced engineers. This study is aimed to propose more handy method to adjust control parameters by plotting operating conditions on the space of adjusting parameters. One loop of model control system without perturbation condition has been adopted and its stability limit was plotted on the coordinates of Gain and Integral time which was acquired after analyzing Nyquist diagrams and time domain responses. The result showed that the sets of adjusting parameters according to critical stability and proper stability could be acquired reasonably through both responses and the curves on parameter space revealed available patterns for the purpose of easy maintenance of control characteristics.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.659-667
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• 2023

Nonlinear forced vibration behaviors of sandwich plates having graphene platelets (GPL) based face sheets have been researched in this article. Possessing low weight together with low stiffness, square honeycomb cores are mostly constructed by aluminum. Herein, the square shaped core has been fortified by two skins of GPL-based type in such a way that the skins have uniform and linearly graded GPL dispersions. The square shaped core has the effective material specification according to the relative density concept. The whole formulation has been represented based upon classical plate theory (CPT) while harmonic balance approach is applied for solving the problem and plotting the amplitude-frequency curves. The forced vibration behaviors of such plates are influenced by square-shaped core and the relative density, skin's height and GPL fortification.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2007

액체섬광계수기(liquid scintillation counter: LSC)를 이용한 지하수 $^{14}C$의 측정에서 휘발성유기화합물(volatile organic compounds: VOC)에 따라 소광효과(quenching effect)를 정확하게 보정할 수 있는 최적 소광곡선(quenching curve)의 작성조건을 조사하였다. 우선, VOC에 따른 소광효과를 알기 위하여 benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-(m-,p-)xylenes, trichloroethylene(TCE)과 tetrachloroethylene(PCE), carbon tetrachloride, chloroform과 같은 주요 지하수오염유기물에 의한 소광인자(spectral quench parameter of the external standard, SQP(E))를 측정하였다. 소광곡선은 $^{14}C$ 표준용액과 chloroform 소광시약을 이용하여 작성하였으며 $^{14}C$ 표준용액의 비방사능(specific activity, dpm/mL), LSC 측정시간, 소광시약 농도 등의 최적조건을 도출하였다. 소광효과는 분자 내에 염소원자를 포함하지 않는 BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-(m-,p-)xylenes) 보다 염소원자를 포함하는 TCE, PCE, carbon tetrachloride와 chloroform에서 매우 높게 나타났다. 실험에서는 여건상 $^{14}C$ 비방사능이 7,000 dpm/mL 정도의 표준용액을 사용하였는데 이 경우 LSC측정시간은 100분, 소광시약으로 chloroform을 사용할 경우 수 mL의 첨가량이 적당하였다. 이러한 조건으로 BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene)에 대해 작성한 소광곡선의 상관계수(coefficient of correlation)는 0.99이상으로 통계학적으로 신뢰할 수 있는 값을 얻을 수 있었으며 이 소광곡선을 지하수와 수돗물의 $^{14}C$ 측정에 적용한 결과 표준용액의 비방사능 값과 잘 일치하여 연구결과의 유효성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2019

수평하중에 대한 휨강성을 증대시키기 위해 얇은 두께의 강관 내부에 PHC말뚝을 합성한 중공형 콘크리트 충전강관(HCFT)말뚝을 개발하였고, HCFT말뚝의 현장 적용 시 말뚝의 구조안전성 평가에 필요한 한계상태에서 P-M 상관도를 작도할 수 있는 산정식을 제안하였다. HCFT말뚝을 구성하는 강관과 PC강봉에 대한 강도 값으로 항복응력을 적용할 경우 제안식은 HCFT말뚝의 극한휨내력을 큰 폭으로 과소평가하였고, 축력이 작용하지 않을 때 휨강도시험결과와 달리 HCFT말뚝보다 직경이 동일하고 두께가 12mm인 강관말뚝의 극한휨내력을 더 크게 산정하였다. 그러나 HCFT말뚝을 구성하는 강관과 PC강봉에 대해 항복강도인 f_y 대신 극한강도인 f_u를 사용하면 제안식은 휨강도시험 측정결과에 매우 근접한 극한휨내력을 제공하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.890-895
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• 2012

Duration curves describe the percentage of time that a certain water quality (total/fecal coliform (=TC/FC)) or discharge is exceeded. The curves methodology are usually based on daily records and are useful in estimating how many days per year and event will be exceeded. The technique was further applied to estimated TC/FC loading to the Geumho River, using the daily mean flow rate and TC/FC concentration data during January, 2001 and December, 2011 for the Geumhogang6 (=Seongseo water level station) where an automated monitoring station is located in Gangchang-bridge. Low flow of the Seongseo (=11.1 cms) was equivalent to 75.3% on an exceedance probability scale. Load Duration curve for TC/FC loading at the Seongseo was constructed. Standard load duration curve was constructed with the water quality criteria for class III (TC/FC concentration = 5000/1000 CFU/ 100 mL). By plotting TC/FC observed load duration curve with standard load duration curve, it could be revealed that water quality do not meet the desired water quality for 68.8/11.2% on an exceedance probability scale. IF linear correlation between flow rate and coliform concentration is assumed, it can be interpreted that water quality exceed desired criteria when daily average flow rate is over 11.9/109.9 cms.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 1997

Determination of several cationic surfactants in cosmetics has been investigated. Reverse phase ion pair chromatography was used to identify and quantitate cationic surfactants. Cationic surfactants analyzed in this experiment were cetylpyridium chloride, stearyltrimetylammonium chloride, bezalkonium chloride, benzyldicethylcetylammonium chloride, and bihenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. The separation was achieved on a reverse phase coumn with 10mM HCl-acetonitrile eluent. In this condition, the most of cationic surfactants with exception of CPC and CTAC respectively with suppressed conductivity detector and UV detector connected in series. The calibration curves obtained by plotting the peak areas of the cationic surfactants were linear at levels ranging from 0.005 to 0.1% correlation coefficient, r=0.9988. The detection limits were 1 to 5ppm in sample solution. The average recoveries of cationic surfactants added to hair treatment cream and hair rinse in three to five experiments were 96.7 105.2% and relative standard deviations were 1.1-3.8%. The case that there were CPC and CTAC in same solution was also tested. CPC and CTAC which couldn't be separated on reverse phase column were quantitated with suppressed conductivity detector and UV detector connected in series. Recovery of CPC and CTAC were 101.6 and 89.2% respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cationic surfactants in commercial hair treatment cream.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.337-343
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• 2020

In the present study, by employing fragility analysis, the seismic vulnerability of a concrete girder bridge, one of the most common existing structural bridge systems, has been performed. To this end, drift demand model as a fundamental ingredient of any probabilistic decision-making analyses is initially developed in terms of the two most common intensity measures, i.e., PGA and Sa (T₁). Developing a probabilistic demand model requires a reliable database that is established in this paper by performing incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) under a set of 20 ground motion records. Next, by employing Bayesian statistical inference drift demand models are developed based on pre-collapse data obtained from IDA. Then, the accuracy and reasonability of the developed models are investigated by plotting diagnosis graphs. This graphical analysis demonstrates probabilistic demand model developed in terms of PGA is more reliable. Afterward, fragility curves according to PGA based-demand model are developed.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2001

The phase morphology is an important factor in the rheology of immiscible polymer blends. Through its size and shape, the interface between the two phases determines how the components and the interface itself will contribute to the global stresses. Rheological measurements have been used successfully in the past to probe the morphological changes in model blends, particularly for dilute systems. For more concentrated blends only a limited amount of systematic rheological data is available. Here, viscosities and first normal stress differences are presented for a system with nearly Newtonian components, the whole concentration range is covered. The constituent polymers are PDMS and PIB, their viscosity ratio can be changed by varying the temperature. The data reported here have been obtained at 287 K where the viscosities of the two components are identical. By means of relaxation experiments the measured stresses are decomposed into component and interfacial contributions. The concentration dependence is quite different for the two types of contribution. Except for the component contributions to the shear stresses there is no clear indication of the phase inversion. Plotting either the interfacial shear or normal stresses as a function of composition produces in some cases two maxima. The relaxation times of these stresses display a similar concentration dependence. Although the components have the same viscosity, the stress-component curves are not symmetrical with respect to the 50/50 blend. A slight elasticity of one of the components seems to be the cause of this effect. The data for the more concentrated blends at higher shear rates are associated with a fibrillar morphology.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1221-1229
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• 2019

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a causative pathogen of tuberculosis (TB), still threatens human health worldwide. To find a novel drug to eradicate this pathogen, we tested taurine-5-bromosalicylaldehyde Schiff base (TBSSB) as an innovative anti-mycobacterial drug using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate model for M. tuberculosis. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of TBSSB against M. smegmatis by plotting growth curves, examined the effect of TBSSB on biofilm formation, observed morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and detected differentially expressed proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. TBSSB inhibited mycobacterial growth and biofilm formation, altered cell ultrastructure and intracellular content, and inhibited cell division. Furthermore, M. smegmatis adapted itself to TBSSB inhibition by regulating the metabolic pathways and enzymatic activities of the identified proteins. NDMA-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H nitroreductase, and amidohydrolase AmiB1 appear to be pivotal factors to regulate the M. smegmatis survival under TBSSB. Our dataset reinforced the idea that Schiff base-taurine compounds have the potential to be developed as novel anti-mycobacterial drugs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2019

An assay for detecting Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) was developed based on nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) in combination with realtime detection during the amplification process using molecular beacon. The ASSVd specific primers for amplification of the viroid RNA and molecular beacon for detecting the viroid were designed based on highly conserved regions of several ASSVd sequences including Korean isolate. The assay had a detection range of $1{\times}10^4$ to $1{\times}10^{12}$ ASSVd RNA $copies/{\mu}l$ with reproducibility and precision. Following the construction of standard curves based on time to positive (TTP) value for the serial dilutions ranging from $1{\times}10^7$ to $1{\times}10^{12}$ copies of the recombinant plasmid, a standard regression line was constructed by plotting the TTP values versus the logarithm of the starting ASSVd RNA copy number of 10-fold dilutions each. Compared to the established RT-PCR methods, our method was more sensitive for detecting ASSVd. The real-time quantitative NASBA method will be fast, sensitive, and reliable for routine diagnosis and selection of viroid-free stock materials. Furthermore, real-time quantitative NASBA may be especially useful for detecting low levels in apple trees with early viroid-infection stage and for monitoring the influence on tree growth.