• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2000

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2009

The plastid inclusion has long been known to exist in leaves of numerous plant species, especially in those of flowering plants. Among the inclusions, crystalline bodies are the most frequently distinguished structures of the foliar plastids, however, microtubules and phytoferritins are also reported occasionally. The crystalline inclusions vary in shape, and are located either in the stroma or within intrathylakoidal spaces, whereas microtubules and phytoferritins are more uniform in shape and are formed in the stroma. In crystalline structures, the composing elements exhibit a lattice pattern and/or paralleled tubules that are either bounded by membranes or exist without membrane enclosing. Other types of inclusions have not been shown to be enclosed by any membranous structures. According to the current survey, the plastid inclusion, with the exception of phytoferritins, has been shown to exhibit a crystalline or tubular pattern, and has been reported in more than 56 species of various families. Their occurrence is not restricted to any photosynthetic pathway, but is found to be randomly distributed among C-3, C-4 and CAM species, without phylogenetic relationships. The progress in plastid inclusion research reveals more information about the function and complexity, but the need for characterizing the 3-D structure of the crystalline inclusions also has been acknowledged in previous studies. A 3-D characterization would utilize tilting and tomography of serial sections with appropriate image processing that would provide valuable information on the sub-structures of the crystalline inclusions. In fact, recent studies performed on 3-D reconstruction of the plastid inclusions revealed important information about their comprising elements. In this article, the crystals and microtubules that have been reported in various types of plastids have been reviewed, with special consideration given to their possible sub-cellular function within the plastids.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.100-106
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• 1976

The fine structure of the callus induced from epidermis of Panax ginseng leaves cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium plus kinetin 0.1mg/l, NAA 0.2mg/l and 2.4-D 0.5mg/l was observed. The cells composing callus tissue are mononucleus. Three types of cells were identified; cells with abundant cytoplasm, cells with relatively differentiated vacuoles and with numerous starch grains in the plastids and ones with highly differentiated vacuoles and with unsaturated lipid granules. Prolamellar body, plastid lamellae, plastid globules, stromacenter, fine tubules, crystal-containing body and DNA-like structures were observed in the stroma of the plastids. The chromoplasts were identified in some cells believed as the mother cells of secretory cells in secretory ducts. Curved or straight micro-fibrils of 100~150A in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm. And the characteristics of cell organelles and cell inclusions and the vacuole formation in callus tissues were discussed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1992

The ultrastructural changes and differentiation mechanism of chromoplasts and leucoplasts from Proplastids in root tip cells of Panax ginseng seedlings were studied with transmission electron microscope. Initial cells have so many proplastids with a few osmiophilic droplets and a lot of mitochon dria at early stage of germination, therefore electron density of cytoplasm is generally higher than that of the other cells just like periblem, plerome and root cap. Proplastids are observed in the initial cells, but only leucoplasts appeared in the central root cap cells. Because root cap cells are derived ultimately from initial cells, the cell organelles in the root cap cells are directly related by those of initial cells. This result postulates that leucoplast is diferentiated from proplastid, and this is the same with other's concepts. On the contrary, the precise observations of chromoplast with crystalline inclusions in the peripheral root cap cells can conclude the direct pathway of chromoplast development from proplastid. Because of the differences of these result from those of other experiments, new scheme of plastid development, direct differentiation of chromoplast from proplastid, can be postulated. And this is the originality of this research on the differentiation of plastids.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2006

Image processing by ultra high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) and tomography has offered major contributions to research in the field of cellular ultrastructure. Furthermore, such advancements also have enabled the improved analysis of three-dimensional cellular structures in botany. In the present study. using UHVEM and tomography, we attempted to reconstruct the three-dimensional images of plastid inclusions that probably differentiate during photosynthesis. The foliar tissues were studied Primarily with the TEM and further examined with UHVEM. The spatial relationship between tubular elements and the thylakoidal membrane and/or starch grains within plastids mainly have been investigated in CAM-performing Sedum as well as in $C_4$ Salsola species. The inclusion bodies were found to occur only in early development in the former, while they were found only in mesophyll cells in the latter. The specimens were tilted every two degrees to obtain two-dimensional images with UHVEM and subsequently comparison has been made between the two types. Digital image processing was performed on the elements of the inclusion body using tilting, tomography, and IMOD program to generate and reconstruct three-dimensional images on the cellular level. In Sedum plastids, the inclusion bodies consisted of tubular elements exhibiting about 20 nm distance between elements. However, in Salsola, plastid inclusion bodies demonstrated quite different element structure, displaying pattern, and origin relative to those of the Sedum. The inclusion bodies had an integrative relationship with the starch grains in both species.