• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 2015

Intravenous (IV) infusion set is one of the most common treatment methods applied to hospitalized patients. However, it is necessary to check the injection of IV solution in order to prevent patients from any possible medical injuries. In this paper, using the optical sensors to detect exhaustion of IV solution was proposed. The optical sensor is coplanar structure composed of LED and photodiode which is installed according to focal distance of the lens. These two elements detect exhaustion of IV solution at the desired point conveniently. Through the results of experiments using various wavelength of LED (R.G.B), the blue LED was selected to the optimum light source. The suggested optical sensor can detect exhaustion of IV solution by the differences in the amount of light which is caused by properties such as total reflection, refractive index and scattering. From the implementation, the detector is applicable to both containers of IV solution, glass bottle and plastic pack. And also the result shows apparent differences according to existence of IV solution even if the IV solution color and illumination were changed.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.393-402
• /
• 2004

The Gifts that Freobel devised in 1837 were the first instructional media using concrete and systematic toys as materials for early childhood education. The shapes of hexahedrons, cylinders and balls and conception of point, line, plane and six colors shown in the forms of Freobel's Gifts are the basics of formative elements in modem design. However, the Gifts, or educational toys, which were presented to practice Freobel's educational ideas actually in the educational fields were hardly examined or analyzed from the viewpoint of design. In this study, the structural principles, which were applied to the plastic formation of the Gifts under the influence of Freobel's educational philosophy, are examined by analyzing the visual formative characteristics of Freobel's Gifts. Accordingly, through an analysis on the formative principles of the Gifts, it is studied how a system of abstract and philosophical thought was visually applied to forms. This study is a probing research on the formative characteristics presented in the Gifts and is an investigation of formation theory about geomatrice forms. The effects and problems of the formative features of teaching materials for little children are also examined from the viewpoint of design in this study.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.236-243
• /
• 2003

We discussed the design of lens module schematic eyes equivalent to finite model eyes, which are used to model the human eye based on spherical aberration and Stiles-Crowford effect. The optical system for head mounted display (HMD) is designed and evaluated using lens module schematic eyes. In addition to a compact HMD system, an optical system with high Performance is required. To satisfy these requirements, we used diffractive optical elements and aspheric surfaces so that the color and mono-chromatic aberrations were corrected. The optical system for HMD is composed of 0.47 inch micro-display of SVGA grade with 480,000 pixels, a plastic hybrid lens for the virtual image, and the lens module schematic eyes. The designed optical system fulfills the current specifications of HMD: such as, EFL of 31.25 mm, FOV of 24H$\times$18V$\times$30D degrees, and overall length of 59.1 mm. As a result, we could design an optical system useful for HMD; the system is expected to be comfortable while the user wears it.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.201-215
• /
• 2019

In this research, the behavior of tube-in-tube BRBs (TiTBRBs) has been investigated. In a typical TiTBRB, the yielding core tube is located inside the outer restraining one to dissipate energy through extensive plastic deformation, while the outer restraining tube remains essentially elastic. With the aid of FE analyses, the monotonic and cyclic behavior of the proposed TiTBRBs have been studied as individual brace elements. Subsequently, a detailed finite element model of a representative single span-single story frame equipped with such a TiTBRB has been constructed and both monotonic and cyclic behavior of the proposed TiTBRBs have been explored under the application of the AISC loading protocol at the braced frame level. With the aid of backbone curves derived from the FE analyses, a simplified frame model has been developed and verified through comparison with the results of the detailed FE model. It has been shown that, the simplified model is capable of predicting closely the cyclic behavior of the TiTBRB frame and hence can be used for design purposes. Considering type of connection detail used in a frame, the TiTBRB member which behave satisfactorily at the brace element level under cyclic loading conditions, may suffer global buckling due to the flexural demand exerted from the frame to the brace member at its ends. The proposed TiTBRB suit tubular members of offshore structures and the application of such TiTBRB in a typical offshore platform has been introduced and studied in a single frame level using detailed FE model.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2020

As of 2018, total yield of lettuce and strawberry amounted to 93,543 tons (representing 1.0 percent) and 183,639 tons (2.0 percent), respectively, among total yields worth 9,185,889 tons in South Korea. Lettuce is affected by a combination of numerous elements such as varieties, cultivation methods and pests during each growth phase (Lee et al., 1999). It is mainly cultivated in spring and fall. Especially due to respiration rate after harvest leading to reduced quality and poor storage, maintaining annual supply is unavailable (Jang et al., 2018). With the distribution of new varieties, forcing culture and indoor insulated facilities for plant cultivation during winter, strawberries are produced every year except for late summer and early fall. Due to active respiration, transpiration, soft flesh and high water content, the fruit is vulnerable to go bad and got rotten compared to other fruits. Furthermore, it is difficult to maintain freshness due to the possibility of softening, discoloration and fungi (Lee et al., 2012). In this regard, developing improved storage and package techniques is needed to ensure maintaining quality and safety even just two to three days after harvest. In order to ensure improved quality and safety of strawberries and lettuce after harvest, the present study applied a modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology (Mostofi et. al., 2008). Going forward, it compared the quality and safety of the two products while being stored in a way that put them in an MAP-applied container and a plastic container at room temperature and 4 degree Celsius.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.281-291
• /
• 2022

Complex rock masses include various joint planes, bedding planes and other weak structural planes. The existence of these structural planes affects the mechanical properties, deformation rules and failure modes of jointed rock masses. To study the influence of the parameters of a nonpersistent joint network on the mechanical properties and failure modes of jointed rock masses, synthetic rock mass (SRM) technology based on discrete elements is introduced. The results show that as the size of the joints in the rock mass increases, the compressive strength and the discreteness of the rock mass first increase and then decrease. Among them, the joints that are characterized by "small but many" joints and "large and clustered" joints have the most significant impact on the strength of the rock mass. With the increase in joint density in the rock mass, the compressive strength of rock mass decreases monotonically, but the rate of decrease gradually decreases. With the increase in the joint dip angle in rock mass, the strength of the rock mass first decreases and then increases, forming a U-shaped change rule. In the analysis of the failure mode and deformation of a jointed rock mass, the type of plastic zone formed after rock mass failure is closely related to the macroscopic displacement deformation of the rock mass and the parameters of the joints, which generally shows that the location and density of the joints greatly affect the failure mode and displacement degree of the jointed rock mass. The instability mechanism of jointed surrounding rock is revealed.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.419-432
• /
• 2023

Beam-column joints are a critical component of reinforced concrete frame structures. They are responsible for transferring forces between adjoining beams and columns while limiting story drifts and maintaining structural integrity. During severe loading, beam-column joints deform significantly, affecting, and sometimes governing, the overall response of frame structures. While most failure modes for beam and column elements are commonly considered in plastic-hinge-based global frame analyses, the beam-column joint failure modes, such as concrete shear and reinforcement bond slip, are frequently omitted. One reason for this is the dearth of published guidance on what type of hinges to use, how to derive the joint hinge properties, and where to place these hinges. Many beam-column joint models are available in literature but their adoption by practicing structural engineers has been limited due to their complex nature and lack of practical application tools. The objective of this study is to provide a comparative review of the available beam-column joint models and present a practical joint modeling approach for integration into commonly used global frame analysis software. The presented modeling approach uses rotational spring models and is capable of modeling both interior and exterior joints with or without transverse reinforcement. A spreadsheet tool is also developed to execute the mathematical calculations and derive the shear stress-strain and moment-rotation curves ready for inputting into the global frame analysis. The application of the approach is presented by modeling a beam column joint specimen which was tested experimentally. Important modeling considerations are also presented to assist practitioners in properly modeling beam-column joints in frame analyses.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.35
• /
• pp.329-346
• /
• 2014

Art is the product from the combination of politics, economy, and social and cultural aspects. Recent development of digital media has affected on the expansion of visual expression in art. Digital media allow artists to use sound and physical interaction as well as image as an plastic element for making a work of art. Also, digital media help artists create an interactive, synaesthetic and visual perceptive environment by combining viewers' physical interaction with the reconstruction of image, sound, light, and among other plastic elements. This research was focused on the analysis of the relationship between images in art work and the viewer and data visualization using sound from the perspective of visual perception. This research also aimed to develop an interactive art by visualizing physical data with sound generating from outer stimulus or the viewer. Physical data generating from outer sound can be analyzed in various aspects. For example, Sound data can be analyzed and sampled within pitch, volume, frequency, and etc. This researcher implemented a new form of media art through the visual experiment of LED light triggered by sound frequency generating from viewers' voice or outer physical stimulus. Also, this researcher explored the possibility of various visual image expression generating from the viewer's reaction to illusionary characteristics of light(LED), which can be transformed within external physical data in real time. As the result, this researcher used a motif from Piet Mondrian's Broadway Boogie Woogie in order to implement a visual perceptive interactive work reacting with sound. Mondrian tried to approach at the essence of visual object by eliminating unnecessary representation elements and simplifying them in painting and making them into abstraction consisting of color, vertical and horizontal lines. This researcher utilized Modrian's simplified visual composition as a representation metaphor in oder to transform external sound stimulus into the element of light(LED), and implemented an environment inducing viewers' participation, which is a dynamic composition maximizing a synaesthetic expression, differing from Modrian's static composition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2012

This experiment was conducted to clear up the cause of nutrient physiological disorder and to manage of optimum fertilization for leaf perilla crop under plastic film house condition in Geum-san area in 2009. A nutrient contents of leaf perilla were analyzed during the growing stages of crop from the first harvest to the last harvest stages, and the data were going to use as the nutritional factors for farms' activity in the fields. In survey of leaf perilla growing status at five farmers' fields, it was needed 30 days for growing of 5~10 stems, 60 days for 10~15 stems and 45 days for 15~20 stems of leaf perilla. Contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaf and stem had been kept on some high values in early stages, but it had been decreased in gradually in late stages of growing. Nitrogen and potassium contents were more changeable in leaf than stem, and phosphorus content was kept in more both of leaf and stem than those of nitrogen and potassium. The major macro-nutrient contents of perilla leaf on first of July were 6.34 in N, 0.54 in P, 2.48 in K, 1.98 in Ca and 0.62% in Mg, total uptake amounts of major three elements were $400kg\;ha^{-1}$ in N, $30kg\;ha^{-1}$ in P and $250kg\;ha^{-1}$ in K. Total yield of perilla leaf was $52,000kg\;ha^{-1}$, and total dry matter was $10,510kg\;ha^{-1}$ with $8,680kg\;ha^{-1}$ in leaf dry matter and $1,830kg\;ha^{-1}$ in stem dry matter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2014

Packaging has played important function on marketing as a silent salesman. As an interface of consumer and products, packaging fulfills several functions such as protection, sales promotion, communication and convenience during the distribution process. For the appearance of self-service sales method, packaging could be regarded as important salesman influencing consumers' preference on shelf in the shop. In this study, Vitamin water was selected as the proper target product for lower impact of prices and brands. With previous studies, Vitamin water packaging elements were classified as 'packaging material', 'packaging shape', 'label color', 'logo layout', then each packaging element was consist of details. To measure the influence of each packaging element on consumers' preference quantitatively and to minimize respondent's subjective judgment, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as a tool. Through AHP result, packaging element of the most influence on consumers' preference is 'label color (0.370)', and 'container shape (0.246)', 'container material (0.230)', 'logo layout (0.154)' was in order. Among the detail packaging element, 'plastic (0.405)' has the greatest influence in 'container material' and 'cylinder (0.423)' in 'container shape', 'magenta (0.329)' in 'label color', 'vertical layout (0.572)' in 'logo layout'.