• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.1093-1099
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• 1998

Dioscorea japonica Thunb its effects has been used in f31k remedies f9r various purposes including treatment of diabetes, on hypoglycemic actiity and energy metabolism were investigated. The plant was extracted with methanol(MeOH) and fractionated into four layers hexane, chloroform(CHCI$_3$), butanol(BuOH), and $H_2O$. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the injection of streptozotocin(STZ) into tail vein at a dose of 45mg/kg body weight(BW). Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 160-200g were divided into five groups a diabetic control and four experimental groups such as hexane group, CHCl$_3$ group, BuOH group, and $H_2O$ group. The rats of all groups were fed on a AIN-76 diet and the four experimental groups were orally administered each fraction(500mg/kg BW) for 12 days. The diabetic control group was orally administered 5% carboxymethyl cellulose. The body weights were monitored and the concentrations of blood glucose were determined. The levels of glycogen and protein in liver were also measured. The plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and fee fatty acid(FFA) were also analysed. The body weight gain was higher in the $H_2O$ group than in the control group. Heart weight was significantly reduced by administrations of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. The extents of blood glucose decrement in BuOH and $H_2O$ group were greater than that found in the control group. The muscle protein levels showed significantly higher amounts in all experimental groups. Glycogen levels were higher in the BuOH group than in the control group. The levels of TG were decreased in all experimental groups and the levels of plasma FFA were lower in the BuOH group. The plasma cholesterol levels were not influenced by these four fractions in diabetic rats. These results suggest that the orally administered H2O fraction of Dioscorea japonica Thunb exhibited hypoglycemic effects in STZ induced diabetic rats. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) : 1093-1099, 1998)

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

Previous studies have shown that Aloe QDM complex, which is consisted of chromium (Cr), aloesin (ALS) and processed Aloe vera gel (PAG), exert antidiabetic activity in a high fat diet-induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. In this study we examined the mechanism of the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex. Rat myoblast cell line L6 cells were cultured in the presence of Cr, ALS, and PAG alone and in combinations, and then the capability of the cells to uptake glucose was examined using radiolabeled glucose. All of the 3 agents, Cr, ALS and PAG, exerted glucose uptake-enhancing activity in L6 cells. The most potent capability to uptake glucose was observed when L6 cells were cultured with the Aloe QDM complex. The activity of the Aloe QDM complex to enhance glucose uptake was prominent in conditions where existing insulin concentrations are low. We also examined the effects of the Aloe QDM complex on the plasma membrane expression of GLUT4 in L6 cells. The Aloe QDM complex increased the content of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane, while decreasing the content of GLUT4 in the light microsome. Taken together, these results show that the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex is at least in part due to the stimulation of glucose uptake into the muscle cells, and this activity of the Aloe QDM complex is mediated through the enhancement of the translocation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Wolbigachul-tang1(WBCEx1) on obesity using high fat diet-induced male mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods : 8-week old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups; lean control, obese control, WBCEx1, 2, 3. After mice were treated with WBCEx1(water extract), 2(30% ethanol extract), 3(water extract; Ephedra sinica Stapf., Gypsum fibrosum) for 12 weeks, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism, the messenger RNA(mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR)$\alpha$ target genes were measured. In addition, $PPAR{\alpha}$ target gene expression was examined in liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Results : 1. WBCEx1-treated mice had significantly lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio. 2. Consistent with the effects on body weight gain, WBCEx1 decreased the weights of epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue. 3. WBCEx1 significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. 4. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by WBCEx1, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by WBCEx1. 5. WBCEx1 did not affect the mRNA expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 6. Plasma asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatine concentrations were in the physiological range. Liver and kidney weights were significantly lower following WBCEx treatment compared with obese controls, indicating that WBCEx does not show any toxic effects on liver and kidney. Conclusions : These results suggest that WBCEx1-induced body weight reduction is associated with appetite control and mediated by a mechanism other than the activation of $PPAR{\alpha}$.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 1998

대조군 및 고혈당군의 운동부하전 혈당농도(mg/dL)는 각각 $110{\pm}7.0$ 및 $145{\pm}7.4$이였으며 운동부하 45분 후에 고혈당군의 혈당농도는 $156{\pm}6.8$이였고 대조군에서는 $127{\pm}3.6$이였다. 운동부하 후 심근의 당원농도의 감소정도는 대조군에서 운동부하 45분 후의 당원농도가 운동부하전에 비해서 73.9%로 감소(p<0.05)하였으나 고혈당군에서는 유의하게 감소하지 않았다. 횡격막의 당원농도는 운동부하 45분에 대조군에서 운동부하전에 비해서 45.5%로 감소(p<0.001)하였으나 고혈당군에서는 55.9%로 감소하여 고혈당에 의한 횡격막의 당원 절약효과도 관찰할 수 있었다. 대조군, 대조운동군 및 고지질혈증운동군의 유리지방산농도(${\mu}Eq/L$)는 각각 $247{\pm}41.1$, $260{\pm}58.6$ 및 $444{\pm}23.1$이였으며 각군의 혈당농도는 상호간에 차이가 없었다. 운동부하 중 심근의 당원농도(mg/100gm wet wt.)는 대조군에서 $3.78{\pm}0.39$였으며 45분간 운동을 부하한 대조운동군 및 고지질혈증운동군에서 대조군과 비교하여 다같이 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 고지질혈증운동군에서 당원감소의 정도가 낮았다. 횡격막의 당원농도는 대조운동군에서 38.9%로 감소하였으며 고지질혈증운동군에서는 51.0%로 감소하여 고지질혈증군에서 당원 절감효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 운동부하 중 고혈당에 의해서 심근의 당원이용이 절약되었으며 고지질혈증에 의해서는 확실한 결론을 얻을 수 없었으나 당원이 절약되는 경향을 발견할 수 있었다. 횡격막에서는 고혈당 및 고지질혈증에 의해서 다같이 당원절약효과가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1131-1136
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• 2003

Forty-eight individually fed Angus steers (body weight $220kg{\pm}9.1$) were utilized to investigate the effects of copper (Cu) source and concentration on lipid metabolism and carcass quality. Steers were stratified by body weight and initial liver Cu concentration and randomly assigned to one of five groups. Groups were then randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu); 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$; 3) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from a Cu amino acid complex (Availa Cu) 4) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$; and 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu. Steers were fed a corn-alfalfa-based growing diet for 56 d. Steers were then switched to a high concentrate finishing diet for 145 d. On day 74 of the finishing phase subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from three steers/treatment to determine basal and stimulated lipolytic rates in vitro. Steers were then slaughtered after receiving the finishing diet for 145 d. Control steers tended (p<0.12) to have lower ceruloplasmin (Cp) activity than Cu supplemented steers. Steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had higher (p<0.03) Cp activity than steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids were similar across treatments. Steers receiving 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had higher (p<0.02) total plasma cholesterol concentrations relative to steers receiving 10 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Steers receiving 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had lower (p<0.03) plasma triglyceride concentrations than steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. Backfat depth tended (p<0.18) to be lower in Cu supplemented steers relative to controls. Steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu had heavier (p<0.03) hot carcass weights and a greater (p<0.02) dressing percentage than steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM from $CuSO_4$. Furthermore, in vitro basal (p<0.06) and epinephrine stimulated (p<0.04) lipolytic rates of subcutaneous adipose tissue were higher in Cu supplemented steers relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that Cu supplementation has minimal effects on blood and lean tissue lipid profile. However, it appears that Cu may play a role in lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.157-168
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• 1967

The entry of antipyrine and urea from the peritoneal cavity of rabbit into organ tissue and blood plasma was studied. Two hundred mg of antipyrine plus 300 mg of urea in 10 ml Ringer's solution was injected into the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized rabbit. The injection was made from above of a rabbit kept tying right side down and it enabled part of the abdominal organs (liver, intestine, kidney) was immersed in the injected solution and kept high concentration gradient throughout the experimental period. The remaining part of the organs was revered only by a thin film of the test solution. Subsequently, in this part of the organs the concentration gradient of the diffusible substances during entry was presumed to decrease as time elapsed. Four pieces of the liver tissue were taken namely, the right superficial, right deep, left superficial and left deep portions. Two were taken from the small intestine, one from the portion which was immersed in. the fluid and the other from that above the fluid mass. Both kidneys were separately analyzed. As a remote organ the gastrocnemius muscle was taken from the right leg of the animal. The intervals which were the time periods elapsed after injections were 5,7,10,15 or 30 minutes. At each point 5 animals were sacrificed and the concentrations of the test substances in the tissue water were measured. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the liver the right portion which was immersed in the fluid showed higher concentration if the test substances than the left portion and the superficial region exceeded the deep region. The concentrations diminished as the time elapsed after infusion, particulary in the case of antipyrine, suggesting circulatory removal of the substances. In urea such decreasing tendency of the concentration was not obvious, and suggested slower removal rate of it as compared with that of antipyrine. 2. In the small intestine there was no regional difference in the concentration of the test substances. Because of the intestinal motility different portions of the intestine were seemed to have bathed in the fluid of the same concentration. In general the concentrations in the intestinal wall exceeded those of the liver, suggesting a slower removal rate than in the latter. 3. In the kidney the accumulation of the endogenous urea was predominant, and the accumulating mechanism in the renal tissue went on during the period of the experiment. Therefore it revealed increasing tendencies as the time elapsed. The penetration of the test substances in this organ from the peritoneal cavity seemed to be slower than in other abdominal organs, namely liver or small intestine. Part of the test substances in the kidney were obviously brought by the blood stream. 4. Rapid exponential decay of the concentration of antipyrine and of the osmolality of the peritoneal fluid was attributed to the extensive removal through the whole dimension of the peritoneal surface, and the remote organ such as the gastrocnemius muscle attained a fairly close value to that of the abdominal organs in less than 30 minutes. The factors which related to the absorption rate were discussed. They were the concentration gradient, permeability and the regional perfusion rate.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.137-154
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• 1997

골격근의 과축적 당원의 운동 중 이용 양상과 골격근의 구성 섬유 특성에 따른 당원의 이용 양상을 규명한 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 정상 군의 당원 농도는 가자미근에서 $4.57{\pm}0.34mg/gm\;wet\;wt.$(이하 동일 단위)였으며 적색 비복근은 $5.11{\pm}0.24$, 족척근은 $6.55{\pm}0.20$으로서 족척근이 가장 높았다. 가자미근의 당원 농도는 운동 부하 후 당투여 1시간 군에서 정상 군에 비해서 약 1.9배 높았으며 적색 비복근은 1.8배 높았다. 족척근의 당원 농도는 운동 후 당 투여 군에서 정상 군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 각 당원 농도는 정상군에서 $41.0{\pm}1.47$이였으며 대조 군에서는 정상군의 2.9%에 불과했으나 당투여 1시간, 2시간 및 운동 부하 후 당투여 1시간 군등 모든 군의 당원농도는 정상 군의 19 - 32%의 범위 내에 있었다. 혈당 및 인슐린은 운동 부하 후 당 투여 군에서 가장 높았으며 유리 지방산은 대조군 및 당투여 2시간군에서 높았다. 운동 부하 중 가자미근 및 적색 비복근의 당원감소는 초 과축적 당원군, 과축적군 및 정상 군에서 다같이 운동 부하 첫 30분에 급격하였으나 초 과축적군에서 더 급격하였다. 운동 부하 30분에서 60분 사이에는 초 과축적군 및 정상 군에서 다같이 당원 감소는 거의 없었으나 과축적군에서는 지속적인 감소 상을 보였다. 간 당원은 정상 군에서 가장 급격한 감소를 보였으며 골격근과는 달리 운동 부하 60분간 지속적으로 감소하였다. 초 과축적당원군의 간 당원 농도는 변화가 없거나 증가하는 경향이었다. 운동 부하 중 혈당은 모든 실험군에서 감소하였으며 인슐린은 운동 부하 후 당투여 군에서 감소하였다. 혈중 유리 지방산 농도는 모든 군에서 증가하였으며 운동 부하 후 당투여 군에서 가장 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1430-1438
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was designed to determine the effects of coated cysteamine hydrochloride (CC) on muscle fiber characteristics, amino acid composition and transporters gene expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) of finishing pigs. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen Duroc/Landrace/Yorkshire cross-bred male finishing pigs were fed with a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0, 70, and 140 mg/kg cysteamine. Each group contained eight replicates of nine pigs per replicate. After 29 days, one pig was randomly selected from each replicate and slaughtered. Blood and LDM samples were collected and analyzed. Results: The results showed that supplemental dietary CC increased (p<0.05) the muscle fiber density. And CC supplementation also up-regulated (p<0.05) the expression of myosin heavy chain 1 (MyHC1) and MyHC2x mRNA levels, and down-regulated (p<0.05) MyHC2b expression in the LDM. Additionally, supplemental dietary CC reduced (p<0.05) the concentration of total cholesterol in the plasma and enhanced (p<0.05) the concentrations of essential amino acid and total amino acid in the LDM. The relative expression levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 2, $b^{0,+}$ amino acid transporter, and $y^+$-L-type amino acid transporter 1 were upregulated (p<0.05) in the LDM when pigs were fed with the dietary CC of 70 mg/kg. Conclusion: Cysteamine supplementation could increase fiber density and distribution of fiber types. It also improved the deposition of protein in the LDM by up-regulated the expression of amino acid transporters.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2018

세파드록실 (CDX)의 수온에 따른 잔류 약동학적 특성을 알아보기 위해 평균 660 g의 넙치를 비교수온 ($13{\pm}3^{\circ}C$) 및 적정수온 ($22{\pm}3^{\circ}C$)에서 7일간 임상용량 (45 mg/kg b.w.)과 임상용량의 5배에 해당하는 양 (225 mg/kg b.w.)으로 연속 경구투여 후 시간에 따른 근육, 혈장, 위-장관, 조혈조직 (신장+비장) 및 간장에서 잔류농도를 HPLC-MS/MS로 분석하였다. CDX의 농도 측정을 위해 근육에서는 투여종료 후 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14 및 28일에 분석하였고, 혈장, 위-장관, 조혈조직 및 간장에서는 1, 3, 7, 14 및 28일에 분석하였다. 경시적 잔류농도를 바탕으로 PKSolver program의 non-compartmental model로 최고농도 ($C_{max}$), 최고농도 도달시간 ($T_{max}$), 배설반감기 ($T_{1/2}$) 등의 약물동태학적 매개변수(parameter)를 계산하였다. 근육, 혈장, 위-장관, 조혈조직 및 간장에서 최고농도 및 최고농도 도달시간은 각각 $985.98-5,032.86{\mu}g/kg$ (1일), $5,670.99-38,922.23{\mu}g/l$ (1일), $2,457.27-10,192.78{\mu}g/kg$ (1일), $886.04-3,070.87{\mu}g/kg$ (1일) 및 $1,188.15-3,814.33{\mu}g/kg$ (1일)으로 계산되었다. 평균체류시간 ($MRT_{0-{\infty}}$)과 배설반감기 ($T_{1/2}$)는 각각 1.51-4.74일 (1.08-3.47일), 2.12-3.06 (1.14-5.42일), 4.25-13.18일 (3.56-10.99일), 1.37-18.66일 (1.17-14.93일) 및 1.78-29.76일 (1.25-28.55일)로 계산되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1923-1929
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between blood components and carcass traits, and to find the biomarkers related to meat quality and quantity in Hanwoo steers. Methods: One hundred twenty-six Hanwoo steers (8 to 9 months of age, body weight of $185.6{\pm}24.38kg$) were used to find the correlation between blood compositions and carcass traits. The steers were fed concentrate and rice straw (30 steers) or total mixed rations (96 steers) during the whole experimental period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the growing (8 to 12 months), fattening (13 to 23 months) and finishing phases (24 to 30 months). Steers were slaughtered at 30 to 31 months of age (body weight of $701.6{\pm}60.45kg$) and the carcass traits were evaluated. Blood metabolites and hormones were analyzed and the correlation coefficients and regression equations with carcass traits were determined. Results: Average concentrations of retinol, leptin and insulin were 1.10 IU, 30.34 ng, and 35.35 ng per mL of blood plasma, respectively. Retinol has negative correlations (p<0.01) with insulin and leptin. Blood insulin and total protein decreased with the age of steers, but retinol, aspartic acid transaminase (AST), glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride increased. In the finishing phase, significant (p<0.01) negative correlations occurred between blood retinol content and marbling score, and between blood AST content and longissimus muscle area of 13th rib, and the following regression equations were obtained: Marbling score $(1-9)=-0.009{\times}retinol(IU/100mL)+9.125$ ($R^2=0.643$), Longissimus muscle area $(cm^2)=-0.250{\times}AST(U/L)+112.498$ ($R^2=0.450$). Conclusion: It is possible to make highly marbled beef by controlling the blood retinol content during the fattening and finishing phases of Hanwoo steers. Accordingly, blood retinol and AST could be biomarkers for determining beef quality and quantity, respectively, prior to slaughter.