• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.247-253
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of high temperature and dietary tryptophan (Trp) on performance, selected organ weights and plasma free amino acid (AA) concentrations in broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, exposure to $27-33^{\circ}C$ of chickens for 2 weeks from 2 weeks of age did not affect growth and plasma free AA concentration except for a decrease in the concentration of plasma tyrosine (Tyr). In Experiment 2, 2-week-old birds were allocated to one of three temperature treatments; $24^{\circ}C$ (control), $36^{\circ}C$ (heat stress, HS) and $24^{\circ}C$ pair-fed (24PF) for 2 weeks and fed on diets containing 50, 100 and 300% of NRC requirement for Trp. Heat stress caused a reduction of weight gain and feed intake irrespective of dietary Trp levels compared with control counterparts, while feeding of 300% Trp diet did not attenuate the reduced performance by HS exposure. In groups fed the 100% Trp diets, plasma aromatic AA (AAA) and Tyr concentrations were decreased in the HS birds compared with the 24PF group. Plasma concentrations in most of AA groups were increased by HS in chickens fed the 50% Trp diet, while those were not changed by HS in chickens fed the 300% Trp diet, compared with 24PF counterparts. The plasma Trp/LNAA (LNAA=large neutral AAs, which are comprised of BCAA, AAA and Trp) ratio was increased by HS in chickens fed the 100% Trp diet, while it was decreased in chickens fed on 50% Trp diet as compared with 24PF group. From these results, it is suggested that performance and plasma amino acid profile deranged by heat stress are modulated, at least, to be relieved from the heat stress by feeding 50% Trp diet but not at all by feeding 300% Trp diet. The involvement of altered plasma AA profiles, in particular plasma Tyr concentrations and Trp/LNAA ratio, is discussed in association with the performance characteristics of HS chickens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2003

Dorsal aorta cannulated rainbow trout averaging 505 $\pm$ 6.5g (Mean $\pm$ SD) were divided into 7 groups (5 fish per group). Twenty four hour post feeding, cannulated fish were intubated with one of seven L-amino acid diets containing graded levels of Valine (Val. : 0.45, 0.95, 1.20, 1.45, 1.70, 1.95 or 2.45%) at 1% of body weight. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5 and 24hr after feeding the experimental diets. Post-prandial (5h after feeding) plasma-free Valine concentrations (PPval.) increased linearly from fish fed diets containing Valine between 0.45 and 1.45%, but the concentration remained constant from fish fed diets containing valine between 1.45 and 2.45%. Post-absorptive (24h after feeding) plasma free valine concentrations (PAval) increased linearly from fish fed diets containing valine between 0.45 and 1.45%, but the concentration remained constant from fish fed diets containing valine between 1.45 and 1.95%. Using the broken-line model analysis, the dietary valine requirement by PPval and PAval could be 1.44 and 1.50% in rainbow trout, respectively. These results supported that the estimated dietary valine requirement by PP(val.) and PA(val.) could be in close agreement with the values obtained from the previous conventional feeding method. Thus, the use of PFAA concentrations for determining essential amino acid requirements could be possible in rainbow trout with dorsal aorta cannulation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1569-1574
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• 2011

The presence of replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) subpopulations in adenoviral vector products raises a variety of safety issues for development of therapies based on gene therapy. To analyze the differing effects of adenoviral vector and RCA in vivo, we examined alterations in amino acids (AAs) using rat plasma following injection of ${\beta}$-galactosidase expressing recombinant adenovirus (designated rAdLacZ) or RCA. Plasma AAs were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 16 AAs were positively measured. In the rAdLacZ group compared to the control group, the level of aspartic acid was significantly increased (Student's t-test), while the level of glutamic acid was significantly reduced. Additionally, in the RCA group compared to the control group, the level of four AAs, valine, leucine, and isoleucine as branched-chain amino acids, and proline were significantly increased, whereas the levels of three AAs, glycine, threonine, and glutamic acid were significantly reduced. Altered plasma free AA metabolic patterns in rAdLacZ and RCA groups, compared with the control group, may explain the disturbance of AA metabolism related to viral infection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2002

The serum lipid-lowering effect of garlic was examined in hypercholesterolemic rats. The food intake was not significantly different by garlic powder supplementation. The inclusion of 1% garlic powder in a diets containing 1% cholesterol brought a reduction in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Liver lipids were not affected by the addition of l% garlic Powder in hypercholesterolemic rats. Earlier studies have suggested that the effect of garlic on serum cholesterol may be related to the sulfur-containing amino acids of products released during protein digestion. However, our results in rats fed garlic powder diet showed no specific effect on plasma free amino acid concentrations. In conclusion. this study clears shows that garlic intake is able to reduce the levels of serum cholesterol in hypercholesteroolemic rats. However, further studies have to be done in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1998

This study conducted to evaluate effects of popped soybean on levels of ruminal peptides and blood amino acids in Holstein calves fed sudan grass hay as a forage source and popped (PSB) soybean as a concentrate supplement. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding, rumen fluid and blood samples were collected from the rumen and jugular vein, respectively, and amino acids, peptides and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the rumen were analyzed. Ruminal pH tended to be higher in the RSB than in the PSB treatments, and declined upto 4 h after feeding, since then increased in both treatments. The concentrations of ammonia-N in all treatments increased upto 2 h after feeding, and then decreased gradually with time after feeding. The concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments, however, those in RSB treatment appeared to be higher. Also, protein concentrations in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments. Peptide productions were the highest at 2 h after feeding in the group fed RSB which is rapidly degradable in rumen, whereas those in the group fed PSB which is slowly degradable in rumen were maximized at 4 h after feeding. The concentration of total free essential amino acids in plasma was higher in the RSB treatment than in the PSB, but disappearance rates of these amino acids out of plasma was higher in the PSB treatment than in the RSB treatment. Disappearance rates of free non-essential amino acids in plasma were not significantly different between the treatments. Consequently, this study implies that the production of peptide and utilization of blood amino acid may be controlled by the modification of protein degradability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.322-323
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• 2001

Studies in the chick (Hill and Olsen 1963, Richardson et al.1953), rat (Swendseid et al. 1963, Young and Zamora 1968), pig (Puchal et al. 1962), man (Longnecker and Hause 1961, Snyderman et al. 1964, Swendseid et al. 1966), and fish (Thebault 1985) have clearly established that a reduced concentration of an EAA in plasma reflects a deficient level of that amino acid in the diet. (omitted)

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

A new technique combining forced-feeding and dorsal aorta cannulation was developed to monitor concentration of nutritions in the blood circulation and their metabolites in rainbow trout. To study the effect of dorsal aorta cannulation on stress, 30 rainbow trout (523$\pm$5.4 g; Mean$\pm$SD) were divided into 6 groups of 5 individuals each. A group was anesthetized and blood samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Hematocrit peaked at 6 h and returned to 0 values by 12 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations also peaked at 6 h and returned to 0 values by 48 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Based on the plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations, the rainbow trout recovered from the operation of dorsal aorta cannulation within 48 h. To compare the patterns of plasma free amino acid concentrations after force-feeding in the fish with dorsal aorta cannulation, 5 dorsal aorta cannulated individuals (511$\pm$6.2 g) were kept in a cage. After 48 h starvation, they were anesthetized and blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 or 48 h after forced-feeding. The concentration of all plasma free amino acids, except isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, also peaked at 4 h and returned to 0 values by 24 h after feeding. The combined technique allows forced-feeding and repeated sampling of blood in rainbow trout with minimum stress.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of com gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of camitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.467-470
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• 1994

Effects of animo acids infusion into the abomasum on plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration were investigated using three wethers of 54 kg of average body weight. Wethers were infused with either 3.25 mmol/kg BW/day of sodium chloride solution (control), 3 mmol/kg BW/day of alanine (Ala), or 3 mmol/kg BW/day of aspartic acid (Asp) continuously for five days through an abomasum cathether in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square desing. On the day of starting infusion (day 0) and day 4 blood samples were collected from a jugular vein every fifteen minutes for six hours after feeding, and their GH concentrations were measured. Blood samples were also collected immediately before starting infusion (day 0), and before feeding of day 1, day 2 and day 4, and their plasma free amino acid concentrations were measured. In the animals infused with Ala, plasma free Ala concentration was increased by Ala infusion and it continued for four days. Plasma GH concentration of these animals increased on day 0, but this phenomenon disappeared on day 4. In the animals infused with Asp, the increase in plasma Asp concentration was observed only on day 1. Plasma GH concentration of these animals was not affected by Asp infusion. These results suggest that continuous Ala infusion stimulates GH secretion for a short period, but the effect would not last long, and that continuous Asp infusion does not affect plasma GH concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.225-232
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• 1999

Apo E polymorphism(e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal variation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Among 62 normolipidemic healthy females, aged 19 up to 22 years, the relative frequencies of E3/3 was 0.806(n=50), E3/2 was 0.081(n=5), E3/4 allele was 0.113(n=7), and no E2/2, E2/4 and E4/4 were found. Based on the five samples of E2 allele, five subjects were randomly selected by E3 and E4 groups for the study of effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of serum lipid and amino acids profiles. No differences in the anthro pometric data among apo E isomers were found, otherwise the pulsation was higher in E4 than that in the others. There were no differences in plasma total HDL , HDL3 , HDL2 & LDL cholesterol, and apo A I concentrations. However, phenotype means significantly rank E2>E3>E4 allele in average TG levels(p=0.014), and rank E4>E3>E2 in total cholesterol levels(p=0.011). Atherogenic index(AI) such as lipoproteins was significantly increased in E2 & E4 than that in E3(p=0.045). Subjects with E3/2 allele had significantly higher concentrations of glutamine, phosphoserine and taurine, while subjects with E3/4 allele showed significantly lower concentrations of arginine and am inobutyrate and elevated level of phosphoserine in plasma com pared to those of E3/3 allele. Higher level of plasma taurine in subjects with E3/2 or E3/4 allele appears to be related to the elevated level of plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations compared to those of E3/3 allele.