• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2007

Airborne Lidar (light detection and ranging) can be an effective alternative in forest inventory to overcome the limitations of conventional field survey and aerial photo interpretation. In this study, we attempt to develop methodologies to identify individual trees and to estimate tree height from airborne Lidar data. Initially, digital elevation model (DEM) data representing the exact ground surface were generated by removing non-ground returns from the multiple-return laser point clouds, obtained over the coniferous forest site of rugged terrain. Based on the canopy height model (CHM) data representing non-ground layer, individual tree heights are extracted through pseudo-grid method and moving window filtering algorithm. Comparing with field survey data and aerial photo interpretation on sample plots, the number of trees extracted from Lidar data show over 90% accuracy and tree heights were underestimated within 1.1m in average at two plantation stands of pine (Pinus koraiensis) and larch (Larix leptolepis).

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

This study was conducted to distribution characteristic of root diameter class between natural and planted stands of one-age class in Pinus densiflora for. eracta in Gangwon. Root development presented that 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class was large part in total root number and length but 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class have a low distribution in each stand. Below 5.0 mm diameter class between natural and planted stands observed outstanding natural stand more than planted stand, but reverse over 5.0 mm diameter class. Root development depending on soil level of vertical and horizontal was presented various natural stand more than planted stand because root distribution of planted stand was concentrated low soil level in 10 cm of soil depth and 20 cm of soil horizontal layer. We can understand that the root distribution presented different between natural and planted stand, therefore this result can used as a basic information for correct of outplanting.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.406-411
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• 2012

Structure and dynamics for three type forests of Quercus acuta, Quercus acutissima and Pinus rigida forests were studied in Wando island, Korea. Quercus acuta and Quercus acutissima forests were natural forest and Pinus rigida forest was a about 30-year-old plantation. Density of tree layers of Quercus acuta, Quercus acutissima and Pinus rigida forests was 2,250 trees/ha, 760 trees/ha, and 1,560 trees/ha, respectively. Mean DBH of tree layers of Quercus acuta, Quercus acutissima and Pinus rigida forests was 12.1 cm, 14.3 cm, and 14.1 cm, respectively. Total basal area of tree layer and subtree layer was $37.1m^2/ha$ for Quercus acuta forest, $19.0m^2/ha$ for Quercus acutissima forest, and $29.2m^2/ha$ for Pinus rigida forest, respectively. According to importance percentage, Camellia japonica was the first dominant species in subtree and shrub layers of all of Quercus acuta, Quercus acutissima and Pinus rigida forests. Species diversity(H') of forest total was 0.814 for Quercus acuta forest, 0.956 for Quercus acutissima forest, and 0.866 for Pinus rigida forest, respectively. According to diameter distribution, Quercus acuta forest was supposed to remain unchanged for a long time. Quercus acutissima forest was changing to Camellia japomica forest and Pinus rigida forest was changing to Quercus acuta-Camellia japonica forest.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2007

This study was carried out to scrutinize possibility of manufacturing pitch pine (Pinus rigida) glued laminated timber in order to add values of pitch pine trees. Also, it was investigated to improve bending performance of pitch pine glulam. Pitch pine was imported as one of major plantation species in Korean peninsula. Machine stress rated grades of pitch pine lumber mostly ranged between E7 and E9. which grades were more or less inferior to producing high quality glulam. However, the adhesive properties between pitch pine and pitch pine, and between pitch pine and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr.), such as shear bond strength, wood failure rate and de-lamination rate of bonded layer submerged in cold and boiling water, were higher than Korean Standard criteria. These properties are essential for manufacturing glulam with single species or multiple species. The modulus of rupture (MOR) of pitch pine glulam exceeded the criterion of Korean Standard for glulam strength grade but modulus of elasticity (MOE) was lower than the criterion. On the other hand, the bending performances (MOR and MOE) were improved 20 percent by mixing with Japanese larch laminar. It is effective to arrange higher quality Japanese larch laminar at the outer layer of glulam for improving bending performances. In conclusion, it is possible to use low quality pitch pine as laminar of structural glulam for adding values of pitch pine.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.182-190
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• 2017

Background: Baekdudaegan was designated in 2005 as a protected area to prevent destruction and conserve. However, there are many disturbed and destroyed areas. The total disturbed area amounts to $25.9km^2$ (0.94%), including $13.4km^2$ (0.49%) in the core area and $12.5km^2$ (0.45%) in the buffer area. This study aims to classify the vegetation types established in the disturbed areas and diagnose the current conditions for ecological restoration in the forest ecosystem. Methods: We surveyed the vegetation in the disturbed areas of Daegwallyeong and Chupungryeong and the surrounding natural areas. The survey conducted from July to September 2015 targeted a total of 54 quadrats by Braun-Blanquet method (Daegwallyeong, 22; Chupungryeong, 32). We also investigated the height and coverage of each layer. We classified the vegetation types based on the field data and analyzed the ratio of life form and the exotic plants, species richness, and vegetation index (Hcl). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from rapideye satellite imagery in 2014 and 2015. Results: Vegetation types were classified into 11 groups according to the criteria that included successional sere or plantation at first, followed by developmental stage and origins. As a result of the analysis of the survey data, species richness, vegetation index (Hcl), ratio of tree plants, and the NDVI tended to increase, while the ratio of the exotic plants tended to decrease with the time since disturbance. These indicators had the classified values according to the vegetation types with time since the disturbance. Conclusions: These indicators can be effectively used to diagnose the conditions of the present vegetation in the disturbed area of the Baekdudaegan area. In addition, the NDVI might be effective for the diagnosis of the disturbed status instead of the human efforts based on the higher spatial resolution of satellite imagery. Appropriate diagnosis of the disturbed forests in the Baekdudaegan area considering the established vegetation types is essential for the elaboration of restoration plans. In addition, restoration target and level should be different according to the disturbed status of restoration site.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2008

Recognizing the necessity of the development of ecologically sound silvicultural system for the mature Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), this study was carried out to examine the invasion and growth of understory vegetation after partial cutting. In 1997, the age class VII Korean pine forest in the Experimental Forest of Kangwon National University was opened up about 50% by modified shelterwood cutting with site preparation to induce succeeding regenerations. After 10 years, plenty of hardwood have come to the stand, forming understory vegetation. The abundance and composition of understory vegetation was periodically investigated in the ten $10m{\times}10m$ permanent sample plots, estimating importance values, species diversity index and the distribution of diameter and height of the understory vegetation. Encouraged by canopy opening, the coverage of understory reached perfect closure, composed of 22 tree species and 20 shrub species in 2007. Morus bombycis occupied 29.6% of the total importance value and Cornus controversa was 17.0%, followed by Styrax obassia, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis. In the year of 2000 the species diversity was highest as 2.547 with 26 tree species and deceasing thereafter, showing 2.220 with 22 tree species in 2007. As understory layer was thickly covered and got grow bigger, some shade intolerant species were disappeared, lowering species diversity. In 2007 the biggest tree was a Quercus aliena with 11.3 cm of DBH and the tallest tree was a Cornus controversa with 9.8m of height. The frequency distribution of number of trees by diameter and height classes formed the inverted-J-shaped curve, supposed to be typical uneven-aged stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.632-642
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• 2001

Fauna, especially Carabidae (Coleoptera), on the floor of Pinus densiflora forests was investigated at five plantations and was compared with that in a mixed natural forest of pine and deciduous trees. There was little difference in the ground beetle fauna among the five P. densiflora plantations, and the bio-diversity of soil layer fauna was poor in all the pine plantations. Individual numbers of the beetles belonging to the genus Synuchus with increasing the infestation rate of the pine needle gall-midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis). These beetles seem to be important predators of the gall-midge. Comparing to the mixed forest, the number of higher taxa and the numbers of genera and species of Carabidae were all small in the pine forests. And especially, most flightless species were found only in the mixed forest. Thus, it is concluded that many species of Carabidae which had been lost from the lower mountainous areas of Korea have not recovered yet in the pine forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.725-740
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• 2014

To figure out the vegetation situation in the ridge of the Naknam-Jeongmaek, six intensive survey sites were selected considering environmental factors and human interferences, 132 quadrats (area $100m^2$) were installed to survey appearing species of trees and major environmental factors, and the characteristics of vegetation structures were analyzed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; Quercus mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora-Q. dentata community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community, P. koraiensis community, Rhododendron spp.-Lespedeza cyrtobotrya community. P. densiflora-Q. dentata community, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora-P. thunbergii community are expected to be succeeded by deciduous oaks because the power of deciduous oaks is strong in their lower layer. C. obtusa community, P. densiflora community, and Rhododendron spp.-L.cyrtobotrya community are artificial forests that were artificially formed and are expected to be maintained in the current state for some time because the dominance value of planted species of trees is high. Most vegetations in Naknam-Jeongmaek were secondary forests or artificial forests formed for forest tree production and forestation for erosion control. In particular the top regions and hilly sections of the mountain were mostly dominated by deciduous oaks such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis showed some P. densiflora community competing with deciduous oaks. On the other hand, low sections and regions adjacent to the city showed severe artificial interference since exotic species such as P. thunbergiil, C. obtusa, P. koraiensis, and Rhododendron spp. were planted.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.412-423
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the distribution and habitat of Tscherskia triton from 2014 to 2016 in Jeju Island. Nine individuals of T. triton were observed and captured from four habitat sites. Most of the habitats were of the natural and rural type, and urban type coexisted in some of the areas. The natural type of habitat comprised of forests, shrubs, and grasslands. The habitat of T. triton ranged vertically from 102 m in lowland to 742 m in a mountainous area and was not observed in altitude over 1,000 m. Small brooks, dry streams or wetlands were found to be located nearby the habitat of T. triton. The T. triton was distributed mainly in areas with natural vegetation and artificial plantation in company with the upper story vegetation on the ground of intact or incomplete layer structure, or the area with the relatively large distribution of shrubs and long grassland. The presence of roads and forest paths in these habitats suggested that the T. triton can thrive in areas with human disturbance. The designation of Halla Mountain National Park in Jeju Island as a conservation area prevents damage or loss of the habitat due to any artificial development. However, frequent human disturbances occurring in grassland is tolerated by small mammals. Therefore, in order to help T. triton maintain a stable population density, it is essential that various types of the habitat should be conserved in the middle mountain areas and the grasslands in lowlands should be well protected.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2023

This research intended to reveal the special characteristics of the vegetation structure and the tendency of change of -landfill slope districts, which are reclaimed land, through an investigationsinto the presently existent vegetation and plant community structure of the World Cup Park landfill slope district. For the analysis of changes in vegetation, this study compared the results of field surveys in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2021. For the investigation into the plant community structure, a field investigation was carried out in 2021 with six fixed investigation districts designated in 1999 as subjects. To analyze the change in the plant community structure, the past data on the population, the number of the species, and the species diversity by the layer in 2021 were compared and analyzed in the landfill slope district, which is reclaimed land. The changes of the vegetation distribution and the power had been affected by typhoons (Kompasu). Above the plantation foundation, which had been dry and poor, Salix koreensis, marsh woody plants that had formed the community, decreased greatly. The Robinia pseudoacacia community, after the typhoon in 2010, decreased in the number of species and population. Afterward, it showed a tendency to rebound. Regarding the Ailanthus altissima-Robinia pseudoacacia-Paulownia tomentosa community, the number of the species and the population had shown a change similar to the Robinia pseudoacacia community. The Paulownia tomentosa and the Ailanthus altissima have been culled. The slope was predicted as a Future Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The Salix pseudolasiogyne community has been transitioning to a Robinia pseudoacacia forest. Only some enumeration districts, the Robinia pseudoacacia forests and the Salix pseudolasiogyne, had been growing. However, most had been in been declining. It was predicted that this community will be maintained as a Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the future. As these vegetation communities are the representative vegetation of the landfill slope districts, which is reclaimed land, there is a need to understand the ecosystem changes of the community through continuous monitoring. The results of this research can be utilized as a basic material for the vegetation restoration of reclaimed land.