• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-127
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• 1965

1. This report is on the outcome of observation made up the breeding process of Narcissus flycatcher, Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia, using 15 ness-boxes at Seoul and Kwang Nung Experimental forest in 1964, and the relevant feeding habit was studied by the collar method of wrapping the necks of thenestlings for 50-60 minutes or more in some cases from 1963 to 1964. 2. The Narcissus flycatcheris a common summer resident throughout Korea arriving at the end of April. The earliest data of arrival of this species in Seoul, is April 26, 1964. They migrate southward from the later part of September to early part of October. 3. In a week after their arrival , they start to build nest after a brief courtship. Male and female prepare their nest ina nestboxes in 4 or 5 days. Nests are usually found in the moss, which provide definite frame-work. The inner side of the nest is usually composed of roots of Gramineae or leaves of pine, oak or other broad leave tree. 4. The laying period is generally from the later part of April to the middle of June : and the number of eggs laid is from 3 to 8 , therefore 5 in average : eggs are pink with traces of milky yellow blending of light auburn and orange red spots and chicken-egg-like in shape. 5.The incubation takes place for 7-12 days from the middle part of May to the middle of June, in the order of male and female . The hatching rate tends to increase in proportion to clutch size. 6. The feeding period usually lasts 15 days in average from the early part of June to the middle of July and the feeding urge tends to increase in proportion to brood size. 7. The animals invading into their nest-boxes are red ants, chipmunks, bees , barkbeetles and philippine red-tailed shirkes, etc. 8. On the basis of analysis covering 714 birds in 31 nests, the food they consumed during the nesting period of nestlings were mostly of animal matters composing of : insect larvae form-39. 88% insect adult form 36.26%, insect pupae-0.19%, spider-17.75% and other animal matters 5.92% , Besides a small amount of plant pieces were found . As to the insect larvae, Lepidoptera was the largest in the content followed by Hymenoptera , Orthoptera and Coleoptera. As to the insect adult, Diptera was the largest in the content followed by Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. In view of forest protection, noxious insect was of 69.38%, useful insect 4.39%, and spider 17.75%. 9. The rich assortment of its food, the ability of acquiring various insect (adults as well as larvae), its destruction of great numbers of harmful insects , and its quick assimilation artificial nesting with the nest-boxes of 2.5-3cm entrance hole employed, allow us to conclude that the flycatcher may be successfully employed in the elimination of fores pests. The above results are only that part obtained near Seoul in the middle of Korea, however, if we would extend the scheme to other broad areas using similar techniques, the nest-boxes could not only be well used by the birds, but also it would help to prevent the increase of harmful. insects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2016

Background: Biocontrol agents are regarded as promising and environmental friendly approaches as agrochemicals for phytodiseases that cause serious environmental and health problems. Trichoderma species have been widely used in suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In this study, an endophytic fungus, Trichoderma gamsii YIM PH30019, from healthy Panax notoginseng root was investigated for its biocontrol potential. Methods: In vitro detached healthy roots, and pot and field experiments were used to investigate the pathogenicity and biocontrol efficacy of T. gamsii YIM PH30019 to the host plant. The antagonistic mechanisms against test phytopathogens were analyzed using dual culture, scanning electron microscopy, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Tolerance to chemical fertilizers was also tested in a series of concentrations. Results: The results indicated that T. gamsii YIM PH30019 was nonpathogenic to the host, presented appreciable biocontrol efficacy, and could tolerate chemical fertilizer concentrations of up to 20%. T. gamsii YIM PH30019 displayed antagonistic activities against the pathogenic fungi of P. notoginseng via production of VOCs. On the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, VOCs were identified as dimethyl disulfide, dibenzofuran, methanethiol, ketones, etc., which are effective ingredients for antagonistic activity. T. gamsii YIM PH30019 was able to improve the seedlings' emergence and protect P. notoginseng plants from soil-borne disease in the continuous cropping field tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that the endophytic fungus T. gamsii YIM PH30019 may have a good potential as a biological control agent against notoginseng phytodiseases and can provide a clue to further illuminate the interactions between Trichoderma and phytopathogens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.627-636
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• 2020

Background: Cultivation of medicinal crops, which synthesize hundreds of substances for curative functions, was focused on the synthesis of secondary metabolites rather than biomass accumulation. Nutrition is an important restrict factor for plant growth and secondary metabolites, but little attention has been given to the plasticity of nutrient uptake and secondary metabolites synthesis response to soil nitrogen (N) change. Methods: Two year-field experiments of Sanqi (Panax notoginseng), which can synthesize a high level of saponin in cells, were conducted to study the effects of N application on the temporal dynamics of biomass, nutrient absorption, root architecture and the relationships between these parameters and saponin synthesis. Results: Increasing N fertilizer rates could improve the dry matter yields and nutrient absorption ability through increasing the maximum daily growth (or nutrient uptake) rate. Under suitable N level (225 kg/ha N), Sanqi restricted the root length and surface and enhanced the root diameter and N uptake rate per root length (NURI) to promote nutrient absorption, but the opposite status of Sanqi root architecture and NURI was found when soil N was deficient. Furthermore, increasing N rates could promote the accumulation of saponin in roots through improving the NURI, which showed a significant positive relationship with the content of saponin in the taproots. Conclusion: Appropriate N fertilizer rates could optimize both root architecture and nutrient uptake efficiency, then promote both the accumulation of dry matter and the synthesis of saponins.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1998

This experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizer for herbicides phytotoxicity of rice(Oryza sativa L. japonica cv Dongjin). The shoot and root growth of rice were inhibited more by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuronethyl+molinate than bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate application in nitrogen or nitrogen mixed solution. In phosphate or phosphate mixed solution, rice growth were inhibited more by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate than pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate application. In solution mixed with nitrogen and phosphate or fertilizer three elements, rice shoots were more. inhibited by pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+molinate treatments, roots were inhibited more relatively by bensulfuron methyl or bensulfuron methyl+dimepiperate treatments. In all fertilizer solutions, rice plant heights were reduced by dimepiperate and molinate applications, but root growth was reduced only by nitrogen and phosphate mixed solution. Rice growth in sulfonylurea or their mixed herbicide application were more inhibited in high :nitrogen concentration arid by phosphate exclusion than by nitrogen exclusion culture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.1 s.81
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• pp.120-124
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• 2007

Fusarium proliferatum KGL0401 was previously isolated from Physalis alkekengi var. francheti plant roots and exhibited higher GA productivity than wild type Gibberella fujikuroi. The :tim of this work was to find out an optimal culture condition for GA production. Various carbon(fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose) and nitrogen($KNO_3$, urea, glycine, $NaNO_3,\;NH_4Cl$) sources were used for this study. GAs activities were analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The highest yield of $GA_3$ was found in the growth medium supplemented with sucrose as carbon source and $NH_4Cl$ as nitrogen source. The optimum carbon-nitrogen concentration for $GA_3$ production was found to be 0.5 M:0.17 M. Supernatant was prepared from the culture fluid of F. proliferatum KGL0401 cultured for 7 days at 3 0'E and the 10 ul supernatant was treated with 2 leaf-rice seedling.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.81-91
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• 2004

The host rock of standing sculptured Buddha in the Yongamsa temple was macular biotite granite, which has gone through mechanical and chemical weathering. The principal rock-forming minerals are quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and biotite, the last two of which have been transformed into clay minerals and chlorite due to weathering processes. The bed rock around the Buddha statue is busily scattered with steep inclinations that are almost vertical and discontinuous planes with the strikes of $N8^{\circ}E$. The major joints have the strikes of N4 to $52^{\circ}W$ and N6 to $88^{\circ}E$ and the dips of 42 to $89^{\circ}$. Especially thee development of the joints that cross the major joints causes tile structural instability of the rock. The host rock of the Buddha image is separated into many different rock masses because of the also many different discontinuity, which group accounts for about $12{\%}$ of the rock. Thus it's estimated that the bed rock has not only plane and toppling failure but also wedge failure in all the sides. Since the earth pressure and the inclination pressure are imposed on the body of the Buddha in the basement rock, it's urgent to give a treatment of geotechnical engineering for the sake of its structural stability. The parts where serious fractures are seen should receive the hardening process using the fillers for stones. It's also necessary to introduce a landfill liner system in order to reduce the ground humidity. The rock surface of the Buddha statue are partly contaminated by lichens and bryophyte. The joints have turned into earth, which promotes the growth of weeds and plant roots. Thus biochemical treatments should also be considered to get rid of the vegetation along the discontinuous planes and prevent further biological damages.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2002

Graft cultivation of Paeonia and Moutan was attempted to improve the harvest yields of medicinal parts of the plants. When Paeonia root was grafted with Moutan stem, the harvest yields of underground roots showed 35% increase, with Paeonia radix and Moutan cortex ratio of 3 : 1 paeoniflorin and paeonol contents among grafted Paeonia radix (11.71 and 0.35 mg/g, respectively), Paeonia radix (9.91 and 0.80 mg/g, respectively), and Moutan cortex (10.81 and 2.84 mg/g, respectively) were not significantly different. Paeonia radix grafted with Moutan stem was cultivated to investigate the ecological properties and to compare index components, including minerals, fatty acids, and organic acids. The contents of 10 major minerals among the samples were very similar, whereas those of Fe were different, showing 86.06, 127.36, 75.05, and 140.63 mg/g for (Paeonia radix, Paeonia radix grafted, Moutan cortex, and Moutan cortex grafted) contents and GC profiles of 11 fatty acids including linoleic, palmitic, linolenic, and oleic acids and those of 6 organic acids including oxalic, citric, and malic acids were very similar. Results of sensory evaluations were very similar between Paeonia radix and Paeonia radix grafted or Moutan cortex and Moutan cortex grafted showed astringent taste, and stronger sensory intensity of Paeonia radix than Paeonia radix grafted showed bitter taste, and stronger sensory intensity of Moutan cortex than Moutan cortex grafted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 1977

This experiment was conducted to determine the responses of some pine species to acidity of cultured soils, and absorption behavior of alkaline elements and to observe the growth characteristics during afforesting period. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Total dry weight indicating growth volume was not much influenced by the acidity of cultured soils (pH 4~8) in all of the 4 species studied. Pinus koraiensis showed more dry weight than any other species, which indicated statistically significant difference. 2. T-R ratio of dry weight was not much affected by the acidity of cultured soils (pH 4~8) and the difference of cultured soils (pH 4~8) and by species. Growth phase also did not show remarkable change through the experiment period. 3. The average sodium content ratio in the plant body had no correlation with cultured soils (pH 4~8), bue significant differences were recognized among species statistically. 4. It was found that sodium content ratio was not much influenced by the cultured soils (pH 4~8), even when the tops and roots were separately analyzed. But, very significant difference was found among the species. Pinus koraiensis especially, showed greater volume growth maintaining low sodium content ratio than any other species, which indicates that Pinus koraiensis has unfavorable characteristics for growing on the seaside.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate the capability of Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa and Betula schmidtii for the uptake of Pb from the lead-contaminated soil and their tolerance to lead. Rooted cuttings in the former species and germinated seedlings in the latter species were planted in pots and irrigated with Pb-containing water for 60 days. In both tree species, growth inhibition was observed in 800, and 1,500ppm of $Pb(NO_3)_2$. Most Pb was accumulated in plant roots and only a small portion was transported to the shoots. The translocation rates of Pb for B. schmidtii and P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa were 1.6-2.6% and 1.2-1.6%, respectively. The maximum Pb content accumulated in shoots was 468.0mg/kg d.w. in P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa, and 602.0mg/kg d.w. in B. schmidtii. Although tolerance to lead was generally higher in B. schmidtii than P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa, the highest tolerance to lead was observed in P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa clone, 72-16. Finally, we discussed the applicability of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa and B. schmidtii for phytoextraction based on their Pb uptake ability, high biomass production, and easiness in large-scale cultivation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.389-403
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• 2016

Sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) was first detected in 2011, in Chinese cabbage grown in the highland areas of Korea. Chemical control of the nematode by nematicides is not feasible due to its cyst-forming characteristics; therefore, the cultivation of non-host crops is a preferable alternative to utilize nematode-infected fields. In this study, a total of 276 plant cultivars belonging to 18 different families were screened to evaluate their resistance to the nematode. Based on the number of cysts formed following nematode inoculation, the tested crops were classified into 3 levels: susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant/immune. Among the 276 cultivars tested, 106 cultivars were susceptible, 40 cultivars were moderately susceptible, and 130 cultivars were resistant/immune. Among the resistant/immune cultivars, cyst formation was not observed on eggplant, tomato, lettuce, perilla, carrot, celery, watermelon, oriental melon, cucumber, pumpkin, chives, onion, welsh onion, balloon flower roots, deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata), Jandae (Adenophora triphylla), and bean. Therefore, these plants are regarded as immune to the cyst nematode. However, many crops belonging to Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Poaceae families showed moderate susceptibility or immunity, depending on the crop or cultivar. This study provides a basis for alternative crop recommendations for sugar beet nematode cyst-infected farms in Chinese cabbage production areas.