• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.204-219
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• 2021

본 연구는 남해안에 분포하는 양호한 산림 식생의 복원과 관리뿐만 아니라 장기적인 측면에서 기후변화에 따른 변화 경향을 파악하고자 가라산과 노자산 서사면에 분포하는 식생의 식물군집구조 특성을 조사·분석하였다. 86개 조사구를 대상으로 군락을 분류한 결과, 저지대를 중심으로 분포하는 곰솔-굴피나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 계곡부 및 전석지대를 중심으로 출현하는 개서어나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 때죽나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 고로쇠나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락, 느티나무군락, 상대적으로 해발고가 높고 급경사 사면에 분포하는 졸참나무군락, 졸참나무-때죽나무군락, 때죽나무-소사나무군락, 참회나무군락으로 유형화되었다. 천이경향상 상록침엽수는 낙엽활엽수로의 천이가 진행될 것이나 수령이 약 50년인 개서어나무, 느티나무, 고로쇠나무 등 낙엽활엽교목림은 층위구조가 발달되었을 뿐만 아니라 생태적으로 안정되어 현재의 상태를 유지할 것으로 판단되었다. 환경요인으로는 표고, pH, 점토와 실트의 함량, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺ 등이 식물 군락 분포에 직간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.162-177
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• 2020

Background: Ecologists have achieved much progress in the study of mechanisms that maintain species coexistence and diversity. In this paper, we reviewed a wide range of past research related to these topics, focusing on five theoretical bodies: (1) coexistence by niche differentiation, (2) coexistence without niche differentiation, (3) coexistence along environmental stress gradients, (4) coexistence under non-equilibrium versus equilibrium conditions, and (5) modern perspectives. Results: From the review, we identified that there are few models that can be generally and confidently applicable to different ecological systems. This problem arises mainly because most theories have not been substantiated by enough empirical research based on field data to test various coexistence hypotheses at different spatial scales. We also found that little is still known about the mechanisms of species coexistence under harsh environmental conditions. This is because most previous models treat disturbance as a key factor shaping community structure, but they do not explicitly deal with stressful systems with non-lethal conditions. We evaluated the mainstream ideas of niche differentiation and stochasticity for the coexistence of plant species across salt marsh creeks in southwestern Denmark. The results showed that diversity indices, such as Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness, and evenness, decreased with increasing surface elevation and increased with increasing niche overlap and niche breadth. The two niche parameters linearly decreased with increasing elevation. These findings imply a substantial influence of an equalizing mechanism that reduces differences in relative fitness among species in the highly stressful environments of the marsh. We propose that species evenness increases under very harsh conditions if the associated stress is not lethal. Finally, we present a conceptual model of patterns related to the level of environmental stress and niche characteristics along a microhabitat gradient (i.e., surface elevation). Conclusions: The ecology of stressful systems with non-lethal conditions will be increasingly important as ongoing global-scale climate change extends the period of chronic stresses that are not necessarily fatal to inhabiting plants. We recommend that more ecologists continue this line of research.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.48-63
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• 2008

This research is to apply suitable natural ecosystem evaluation criteria in order to develop the ecosystem conservation, restoration and ways to build substitute habitats as a compensation plan for damaged soundly natural ecosystems in small-scale projects such as resource recovery facility, filtration, etc. The environmental ecology evaluation i.e. generally based on their actual vegetation, community structure, wildlife, water system survey were measured the primary plans for reflecting unique natural environment level of site. As a result, it is necessary to conserve the land in fallow type of wetland, good conservative condition of deciduous forest, wetlanded watercourse for amphibia and reptiles crossing. However, the plan of filtration plant was destroyed wetland(sound ecosystem), natural forest, asian toad spawning area. According to the result of it schemed to build alternative wetland and spawning area, plan to healthy ecosystem and surface soil transplantation as compensation plan. The alternative wetland and spawning area are not only created a various water levels like depth of water is $0{\sim}30cm,\;30{\sim}60cm$, more than 1.5m but also it leads to asian toad spawning and wildlife inhabitant. Moreover, the ecosystem and surface soil transplantation be applied to use the Quercus acutissima forest resources(114 upper trees, 71 canopy trees, 401 shrubs) and surface soil$(5,072m^3)$ in ecology creation sets.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2003

Most denuded mountain areas in Korea were completely stabilized by the successful work of the 1st and 2nd 10-year Forest Development Plans which targeted the reforestation of denuded forest lands. The objectives of this study are (1) to estimate the depth of organic horizon in the soil profile, (2) to investigate the change of vegetation structure, (3) to estimate the change of biomass in the erosion controlled and rehabilitated mountain areas with the passage of time. This study was carried out as the 5th times. The first study began in the year of 1985, the second study was in the year of 1988, the third study was in the year of 1992, 4th was in the year of 1998 and 5th was in the year of 2002. The first study started in the study sites which elapsed 9 years after erosion control works. The results of the study were as follows : The increase rate of soil thickness was estimated to $Y_{(cm)}=2.906log_{(yr)}-3.2476(r^2=0.917)$ during 26 years after erosion control works. The important value of pines decreased to 14.7% on upper layer. But, the important value of alders. which did not plant on erosion control work increased to 27.1%. The decrease of whole crown projection indicates that pines. and alders were heavily injured by pine leaf gall midge in the year of 1993, 1995 years and Agelastica coerulea Baly in the year of 1986, 1987 years at Yoju-gun. The young growth of pines and alders not appeared on the soil surface which elapsed 26 years after erosion control works. On the lower layer, oaks occupied over 50% in I.V, RD, RC, RF. In process of years, the increase of biomass estimated to be $Y_{(t/ha)}={0.7505X_{(yr)}}^{1.6335}\;(r^2=0.9712)$ for 26 years after erosion control works.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1985

Sargassum confusum을 대상으로 동해안 오호리 지역에서 1983년 3월 부더 1984년 4월까지 이 종의 생장 및 일차생산력을 조사하였다. S. confusum은 2월에 생장하기 시작하여 여름에 최대생장을 나타낸 후 빠른 속도로 쇠퇴하는 생육주기를 가진다. 생식활동은 6월에 주로 이루어 진다. 이러한 생장양상은 수온과 밀접한 관제를 갖는다. 최대성장율은 5월의 1.3cm/day이며 최대길이는 8월의 120cm이다. 산소명암병법으로 측정된 S. confusum의 일순생산력은 6월에 11.2 gC/dry wt/day이며 이를 기초로 추정한 연생산력은 745 gC/$m^2$/yr이다. 한편 현존량의 변화에만 의존하여 추정된 연생산력은 745 gC/$m^2$/yr로서 탈락에 의한 손실이 약 60%에 달하고 있다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.181-190
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• 1983

Seasonal occurrence of benthic algae and changes of subtidal vegetation were studied for their species composition, diversity and biomass during 1982 and 1983 at several selected sites at Juckdo Island (38$^{\circ}$12'N, 128$^{\circ}$32'E), eastern coast of Korea. Three large brown algae which played a role in change of algal vegetation through their great biomass were investigated with regard to their seasonal growth. Large brown algae such as Undaria pinnatifida, Costaria costata, Laminaria japonica, Agarum cribrosum, Sargassum confusum and S. hornerii constitute the major portion of vegetation in this area throughout the year. Algal vegetation in spring time is characterized by dominance of species U. pinnatifida and C. costata, whereas the summer vegetation by S. confusum and S. hornerii. In autumn large brown algae are shedded and only small algae, such as Chondrus ocellatus and Grateloupia filicina, remain. The vegetation in winter is dominated by the growth of U. pinnatifida and C. costata. Monthly changes in mean length and weight of randomly collected U. pinnatifida, C. costata and S. confusum are as follows; U. pinnatifida occurs from December to June and shows their maximum growth during March (120 cm in length, 201 g/individual in wet weight), its maximum growth rate is 1.4 cm/day, 3.3 g/day in this month. The growth season of C. costata is very similar to U.pinnatifida, but their average maximum length(110 cm) and weight (106 g/ind.) are lower than U. pinnatifida. The greatest growth rate is during March (1.8 cm/day, 2.0g/day). S. confusum is present throughout the year and reaches the maximum growth (102 cm, 63g/ind.) in July. Maximum growth rate (1.5 cm/day, 1.2 g/day) occurs also during this month. U. pinnatifida and C. costata show different months of maximum growth evidently during the two year. This seems to be caused by a considerable damage to the local vegetation followed by heavy storm in February 1983.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2021

The climate is changing rapidly, and this may pose a major threat to global biodiversity. One of the most distinctive consequences of climate change is the poleward and/or upward shift of species distribution ranges associated with increasing temperatures, resulting in a change of species composition and community structure in the forest ecosystems. The Baekdudaegan mountain range connects most forests from the lowland to the subalpine zone in South Korea and is therefore recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. This study was conducted to understand the distribution range of vascular plants along elevational gradients through field surveys in the six national parks of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. We identified the upper and lower distribution limits of a total of 873 taxa of vascular plants with 117 families, 418 genera, 793 species, 14 subspecies, 62 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids. A total of 12 conifers were recorded along the elevational gradient. The distribution ranges of Abies koreana, Picea jezoensis, Pinus pumila, and Thuja koraiensis were limited to over 1000 m above sea level. We also identified 21 broad-leaved trees in the subalpine zone. A total of 45 Korean endemic plant species were observed, and of these, 15 taxa (including Aconitum chiisanense and Hanabusaya asiatica) showed a narrow distribution range in the subalpine zone. Our study provides valuable information on the current elevational distribution ranges of vascular plants in the six national parks of South Korea, which could serve as a baseline for vertical shifts under future climate change.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.615-624
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• 2020

Background and objective: Urbanization caused a reduction in urban green space and a lack of community spaces. An attempt to solve these problems, urban gardens, have become popular and are currently being implemented in various downtown areas. However, urban gardens have some inadequate aspects from a visual or landscape perspective. The goal of this study was to examine the possibility of an aesthetic and productive garden space by introducing cultivation methods through the planting system design process. Methods: The design process using plants was classified and presented to suggest the importance of the landscape and aesthetic value. An urban garden space was designed according to the perspective of 'production scenery' and 'participation aesthetics'. According to the characteristics of the plant, urban gardens were divided into vertical type (corn, millet, sorghum), climbing type (kidney bean, cucumber, bitter gourd), and runner type (melon, watermelon, peanut). After classifying plants according to the shape of the root, the structure supporting climbing was installed and the crops were cultivated in an upright form with a tunnel. Results: In the designed cultivation, each crop cooperates, without invading each other's space. Compared with the conventional cultivation, there was little difference in production, and management was made more convenient since weed outbreaks were effectively suppressed while runner type crops cover over the land's surface. Since the positions of each crop are clearly distinguished, the aesthetic value is improved by offering a sense of rhythm with a balanced design. Conclusion: The results suggest that the cultivation methods through the plant system design process have aesthetic as well as productive value, and the design using plants, an infinite living resource, could lead to an expansion of the design field. Moreover, it would enable a sustainable symbiosis between industry and environment. There is potential for the design industry to make significant progress through collaboration with agriculture, horticulture, and landscape architecture.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1983

울산공업단지내(蔚山工業團地內)에 위치(位置)한 돗질산식생(植生)을 오염원(汚染源)에서부터의 거리에 따른 조사구별(調査區別) 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 토양(土壤)의 전질소함양(全窒素含量), 유기물함량(有機物含量), $P_2O_5$의 함량(含量), CEC는 오염원(汚染源)에서 거리가 멀어질 수록 증가(增加)를 하며, Al함량(含量)은 감소(減少)를 한다. 2) 식생조사결과(植生調査結果) 방동사니, 실새풀, 도깨비바늘, 댕댕이덩굴, 바랭이, 여뀌, 곰솔, 돼지풀, 철쭉, 아카시나무등(等)이 내오염성(耐汚染性)이 강(强)한 식생(植生)이었다. 3) 대기오염(大氣汚染)의 피해(被害)가 심(甚)하지 않은 곳에서는 13종(種)의 식물(植物)이 출현(出現)하나, 오염(汚染)이 극심(極甚)한 조사국(調査局)에서는 7종(種)의 식물(植物)만이 존재(存在)한다. 4) 대기오염(大氣汚染)의 증가(增加)에 따라 개체수(個體數), 종다양도(種多樣度), 균재도(均在度), 류사도지수(類似度指數)가 감소(減少)한다. 5) 대기오염원(大氣汚染源)에서의 거리가 멀어질 수록 물질생산량(物質生産量)이 증가(增加)된다. 또한 돗질산지역(地域) 아카시나무림분(林分)은 현존량(現存量)은 4.41t/㏊, 년간물질생산량(年間物質生産量)은 $0.67ton/ha{\cdot}yr$이고, 오염(汚染)의 피해(被害)가 없는 대조구(對照區)에서의 현존량(現存量)은 39.47ton/㏊이고, 년간물질생산량(年間物質生産量)은 $7.73ton/ha{\cdot}yr$이다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2013

본 연구는 얕은 수심의 습지에서 발달된 수생식물의 피도와 종류가 동물플랑크톤 밀도와 다양성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 경상남도에 위치한 32개의 습지에서 2011년 5~6월까지 조사를 수행하였다. 조사 결과, 총 65종의 동물플랑크톤이 출현하였으며, 대부분의 습지에서는 부유성 종보다 부착성 종이 더 많은 수를 보였다(40종). 조사된 모든 습지에서는 수생식물이 매우 우점하였으며, 이는 부착성 동물플랑크톤 분포와 밀접한 관련을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. $1{\times}1$ (m) 방형구를 이용하여 측정된 수생식물의 피도와 동물플랑크톤간의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 부착성 및 부유성 윤충류는 상관성이 나타나지 않았으나, 부착성 지각류는 뚜렷한 상관성를 나타냈다($r^2=0.39$, p<0.05, n=32). 부착성 동물플랑크톤에 대한 수생식물의 영향을 파악하기 위해 조사된 습지 중 수생식물이 가장 잘 발달된 우포늪과 장척호의 갈대(Phragmites communis)와 붕어마름(Ceratophyllum demersum)에 부착된 동물플랑크톤의 채집을 수행하였다. 대부분의 부착성 동물플랑크톤은 갈대보다 붕어마름에서 더 높은 밀도를 보였으며, 이 중 Lepadella, Monostyla, Testudinella는 두 식물간에 매우 뚜렷한 밀도 차이를 나타냈다(One-way ANOVA, p<0.05). 붕어마름은 갈대보다 부착할 수 있는 공간이 상대적으로 넓으며, 복잡한 구조를 가지기 때문에 많은 동물플랑크톤이 부착할 수 있는 기질표면 또한 풍부한 사료된다. 결론적으로 수생식물은 부착성 동물플랑크톤의 서식을 위한 매우 중요한 요소이며, 이들의 밀도와 종 다양성 증가에 크게 기여하는 것으로 판단된다.