• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2007

The Gwangneung KoFlux supersite, located in a rugged mountain region, is characterized by a low wind speed due to a mountain-valley circulation and rolling terrain. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effect of coordinate rotation on flux measurements by the eddy-covariance method. In this paper, we review the properties of three orthogonal coordinate frames (i.e., double, triple, and planar fit rotations) and apply to flux data observed at the Gwangneung supersite. The mean offset of vertical wind speed of sonic anemometer was inferred from the planar fit (PF) coordinate rotation, yielding the diurnal variation of about $\pm0.05ms^{-1}$. Double rotation $(\bar{v}=\bar{w}=0)$ produced virtually the same turbulent fluxes of heat, water, and $CO_2$ as those from the PF rotation under windy conditions. The former, however, resulted in large biases under calm conditions. The friction velocity, an important scaling parameter in the atmospheric surface layer, was more sensitive to the choice of coordinate rotation method.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.473-482
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• 2016

An accurate determination of turbulent fluxes over an urban area is a challenging task due to its morphological diversity and associated flow complexity. In this study, an eddy covariance (EC) method is applied over a highly heterogeneous urban area in a small city (Gongju), South Korea to investigate the quantitative influence of 'coordinate tilt' in determining the turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide mass. Two widely-used coordinate transform methods are adopted and applied to eight directional sections centered on the site to analyze a 1-year period EC measurement obtained from the urban site: double rotation (DR) and planar fit (PF) transform. The results show that mean streamline planes determined by the PF method are distinguished from the sections, representing morphological heterogeneity of the site. The sectional pitch angles determined by the DR method also compare well with those in the PF method. Both the PF and DR methods show large variabilities in the determined streamline planes at each directional section, implying that flow patterns may form in a complicate way due to the surface heterogeneity. Resulting relative differences of the turbulent fluxes, defined by $(F_{DR}-F_{PF})/F_{DR}$, are found on average +13% in sensible heat flux, +21% in latent heat flux, +37% in momentum flux, and +26% in carbon dioxide mass flux, which are larger values than those reported previously for fairly homogeneous natural sites. The fractional differences depend significantly on wind direction, showing larger differences in northerly winds at the measurement site. It is also found that the relative fractional differences are negatively correlated with the mean wind speed at both stable/unstable atmospheric conditions. These results imply that EC turbulent fluxes determined over heterogeneous urban areas should be carefully interpreted with considering the uncertainty due to 'coordinate tilt' effect in their applications.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.274-274
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• 2012

증발산량 관측은 오랜 기간 연구되어 왔으며, 미기상 관측 시스템의 최적화와 상호 공동비교 실험 및 자료 처리의 일관성을 유지를 위해 한국에는 KoFlux라고 하는 플럭스 네트워크가 2002년 1월에 구축되었다. 이를 시작으로 미기상 관측에 대한 관심이 많은 연구자들이 관측망 구축에 힘쓰고 있으며, 에디공분산 방법을 이용해 증발산량을 산정하고 있다. 에디 공분산 방법은 다른 방법에 비해 연직농도 차이가 적은 산림 위에서의 플럭스 값을 측정 할 수 있으며, 측정 시 식물 환경에 방해를 주지 않는 등의 장점이 있다. 하지만 자료 처리와 품질관리에 있어 연구자의 주관성에 의해 상당 부분 불확실성을 초래한다. 또한 다른 관측지점과의 일관적인 비교를 위해 좌표보정을 수행하며, 일반적으로 바람이 평평한 지역 위로 분다는 가정 하에 이루어진다. 좌표보정은 일반적으로 Planar Fit Rotation방법을 사용하며, 평판 분할은 지형에 따라 12개까지 분할하여 분석한다. 하지만 덕유산 플럭스관측 타워지점처럼 산지 특성이 뚜렷하고 1 m/s이하의 풍속 데이터의 빈도가 큰 경우 평판 분할 수의 제한이 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 좌표보정계수산정 방법에 따라 등간격의 평판분할 방법(Scenario A), 주풍향을 고려한 평판분할 방법(Scenario B)과 빈도에 의한 평판분할방법(Scenario C)으로 수행하였다. 또한 각 Scenario는 풍속의 제한 조건에 따라 CASE A(0.5 m/s 이상), CASE B(1.0 m/s이상)로 구분하여 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 제안 한 자료처리 절차는 첫째, 바람자료의 빈도 분석을 통한 지역특성 파악 둘째, 풍속제한 조건 설정 셋째, 바람과 수증기의 공분산 계산으로 요약된다. 덕유산 플럭스관측 타워지점의 경우 풍속 제한을 1.0 m/s이상에서 0.5 m/s이상으로 하향 조정하였으며, 평판 분할 방법은 Scenario C의 평판 수 12개를 채택하였다.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.401-412
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• 2016

A 3D sonic anemometer has been installed at Yongpyong alpine slope since Oct. 23th 2014 to observe the slope winds and to analyze turbulent characteristics with the change in surface cover (grass and snow) and the synoptic wind strength. Eddy covariance method has been applied to calculate the turbulent quantity after coordinate transformation of a planar-fit rotation. We have carefully selected 3 good episodes in the winter season (23 October 2014 to 28 February 2015) for each category (9 days in total), such as grass and snow covers in case of weak synoptic wind condition, and grass cover of strong synoptic wind. The diurnal variations of the slope winds were well developed like the upslope wind in the daytime and downslope wind in the nighttime for both surface covers (grass and snow) in the weak synoptic forcing, when accordingly both heat and momentum fluxes significantly increased in the daytime and decreased in the nighttime. Meanwhile, diurnal variation of heat flux was not present on the snow cover probably in associated with significant fraction of sunlight reflection due to high albedo especially during the daytime in comparison to those on the grass cover. In the strong synoptic regime, the most dominant feature at Yongpyong, only the southeasterly downslope winds were steadily generated irrespective of day and night with significant increases in momentum flux and turbulent kinetic energy as well, which could suggest that local circulations are suppressed by the synoptic scale forcing. In spite of only one season analysis applied to the limited domain, this kind of an observation-based study will provide the basis for understanding of the local wind circulation in the complex mountain domain such as Gangwon in Korea.