• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study is to analyze the single-dose toxicity of horse placenta hydrolysate extracts. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen for the study. Doses of horse placenta hydrolysate extracts, 2,000 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, were administered to the experimental group, and the same doses of normal saline solution were administered to the control group. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results : In all 4 groups, no deaths occurred, and the horse placenta hydrolysate extracts administered by oral was over 2,000 mg/kg. No significant changes in the weight between the control group and the experimental group were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ, the results showed no significant differences in any organs or tissues. Conclusions : The above findings suggest that treatment with horse placenta hydrolysate extracts is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidence.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.281-286
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• 2007

For transdermal delivery of porcine placenta extract (PPE), various emulsion formulations were prepared and evaluated. Polysorbate surfactants were used as emulsifiers and various C-18 unsaturated fatty acids as enhancers. The skin permeation of PPE was tested using a cellulose nitrate membrane-loaded Franz cell apparatus. Among emulsifiers, Tween 20 provided higher penetration effect than did Tween 80. Meanwhile, of various fatty acids, linolenic acid (18:3) revealed the highest skin permeation of PPE than the other C-18 unsaturated fatty acids. Stability of PPE emulsions was determined by cycles of freezing and thawing processes. The stability of emulsions depended on the percentage of Tween 20. Minimum 20% of Tween 20 was required to stabilize emulsions at room temperature for several days. Taken together, our results suggest that Tween 20 and linolenic acids might be key components to formulate PPE emulsion to provide the desirable skin permeability and stability.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

Artificial insemination (AI) has been performed widely in swine industry using fresh liquid sperm instead of frozen type of sperm. However fresh sperm are not able to preserve more than three days with optimal motility and other sperm parameters for the successful fertilization, since in vitro stored sperm has an oxidative stress that resulted increase of abnormality and acrosome reation. To overcome these major problems, novel preservative formulation is needed to neutralize the oxidative stress and to provide suitable physiological environment for sperm in in vitro. In this study, naturally derived substances such as Poncirus trifoliate (Trifoliate orange), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen), pig placenta and testis extracts were tested as sperm preservative agents. Placenta extracts (PE), trifoliate orange extracts (TOE), testes extracts (TE) and mangosteen extracts (ME) were applied to analyze specific parameters for sperm motion characteristics individually and combinatorial. Each individual extract treatment can accelerate the sperm motility but noticeably TOE, TE and ME treatments exhibited the considerable and significant preservation of sperm motility. PE, TE and ME showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in ALH after one week. Further we evaluated the five different combinations of these extracts on sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Surprisingly even after one week ME, TOE and TE combination significantly preserved the sperm motility about 75%. It is noteworthy that unlike individual extract treatment, combination of ME, TOE and TE simultaneously protect the sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Taken together these data conclude that addition of ME, TOE and TE can be effective for preservation of pig sperm.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2008

The biological activities of water and ethanol extracts from different fruit parts, such as peel, flesh, and placenta of oriental melon were investigated. The total phenolic concentration of water extract was the highest such as 151.64 ${\mu}g/g$ in the peel, also that of ethanol extract was 224.77 ${\mu}g/g$ in the peel, respectively. The total flavonoid content in the water and ethanol extracts were high such as 45.53 ${\mu}g/g$ and 67.16 ${\mu}g/g$ of peel, respectively. In the physiological activities, DPPH in the water and ethanol extracts were high such as 25.0% and 83.3% of peel in 1% concentration. Extract of peel was higher than those of flesh and placenta. ABTS in the water extracts was 79.2% of peel, 57.6% of flesh and 74.0% of placenta in 1% concentration. Ethanol extracts was 99.9% of peel, 52.1% of flesh and 41.2% of placenta in 1% concentration. In addition, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibition activity of the peel of water and ethanol extracts appeared to be higher than those of placenta and flesh. This study showed that the antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibition activity of peel extracts were higher than those of placenta and flesh. Also, the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract from different fruit parts was shown only on Streptococcus agalactiae.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2012

Human placenta extract (hPE) has therapeutic potential against certain diseases such as burn injury, liver cirrhosis and chronic wound through stimulating tissue repair processes. However, the effects of hPE on liver regeneration in animals are unknown. This study investigated the effect of hPE on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. The activities of AST, ALT and ALP increased during a few days after PH. A high level of ALP was particularly seen at day 3 in the control group. All the levels of experimental groups were normalized by day 5 after PH. On immunohistochemistry, the expression of PCNA increased at the early days, showed a peak at day 3 after PH. The PCNA staining was more obvious in the experimental group over the whole period. By western blotting, PCNA seemed to be more strongly expressed in the hPE injected group in the early stage and fell to almost undetectable levels at day 7. On immunocytochemical observations, the number of PCNA-gold particles in the nuclei at day 1 of the hPE treated groups was more than those of the untreated groups. The results suggest that hPE could accelerate liver regeneration induced by PH involving the expression of PCNA in rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluated the photoprotective effects of porcine placenta extract (PPE) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to evaluate its functional activities as a skin food ingredient. PPE prepared by subcritical water extraction was termed SPE, and subsequently digested by enzymes to prepare E-SPE. Increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (192.0%) induced by UVB were decreased by SPE and E-SPE. SPE had more effective ROS scavenging activity than E-SPE treatment. UVB treatment increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and this elevated expression was decreased by E-SPE treatment. High-dose treatment with E-SPE (50 and 100 µg/mL) reduced TIMP-1 expression levels of UVB-C (control) to 33.5 and 34.6%, respectively. In contrast, at low SPE doses (1 and 10 µg/mL), the treatment slightly decreased TIMP- 1 expression levels to 73.3% and 71.3% of UVB-C, respectively. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the protective effect of SPE and E-SPE against UVB damage in keratinocytes via ROS scavenging, down-regulating MMP-2 expression and up-regulating TIMP- 1 expression. This highlights the potential for SPE as an ingredient in the preparation of functional food against photoaging.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.413-420
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• 2015

The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential benefits of an oral supplement containing porcine placenta extract (PPE) on skin parameters related to cutaneous physiology and aging. PPEs were administered orally to hairless mice for 12 wk. The effects of oral PPE administration on skin water-holding capacity and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) were similar to those of oral collagen (HYCPU2) administered as a positive control. Magnified photographs and replica images showed a reduction in UVB-induced wrinkle formation after collagen and PPE treatments. PPE treatments ameliorated the thicker skin surface that results from UVB exposure, based on a histological examination of skin tissue. The groups that were orally administered PPE (0.05%, OL; 0.1%, OH group) showed significantly reduced Matrix Metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression levels compared with the UVB control (Con), by 33.5% and 35.2%, respectively. The mRNA expression of another collagen-degrading protein, MMP-9, was also significantly lower in the groups that received oral administration of PPE (especially in the OH group) than in the control group. Additionally, oral administration of PPE significantly upregulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and -2 mRNA expression levels compared with expression levels in the control group (p<0.05). This indicates that orally administered PPE activated the expression of Timp-1 and -2, inhibitors of MMP, which is responsible for collagen degradation in skin. Taken together, we propose that long-term oral administration of PPE might have a beneficial effect with respect to skin photo-aging.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.229-242
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• 2018

The effects of orally administered fermented porcine placenta (FPP) and its major dipeptides, L-Leucyl-Glycine (Leu-Gly) and Glycyl-L-Leucine (Gly-Leu), on UVB-induced wrinkle formation of the skin in hairless mice was studied. Treatment with FPP, Leu-Gly or Gly-Leu increased type I procollagen synthesis and decreased MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) in human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF-N). Hairless mice were also exposed UVB irradiation three times a week and fermented porcine placenta extract (FPP), Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu was administered once a day for eight weeks. Daily intake of FPP, Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu for eight weeks decreased wrinkles, erythema and thickness of the skin and increased skin hydration and synthesis of collagen relative to a UVB-control. Moreover, FPP, Leu-Gly or Gly-Leu intake decreased the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA levels and inhibited activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice skin. These results suggest that major dipeptides of the placenta, Leu-Gly and Gly-Leu have the potential for use as a functional food ingredient with anti-wrinkling properties.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.327-331
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• 2010

Porcine placenta was treated with alkali, acid and enzyme treatment to obtain extracts. Heavy metal contents such as Pb, As, and Hg were low enough to satisfy cosmetic agent standard. As a result of safety test(MTT assay), porcine placenta extracts showed over 80% of cell viability at $50{\mu}g/ml$, and cell toxicity was relatively lower. From antioxidation test using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, antioxidation effect was highest as 63% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ when porcine placenta was treated with alkali in pH 9. From whitening effect test using tyrosinase inhibition assay, tyrosinase inhibition effect was 30% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in alkali treated procine placenta, however, the efficiency was lower compared with arbutin or vitamin C. In anti-wrinkle effect test from elastase inhibition assay, elastase inhibition effects were 20~30% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ for 5 kinds of porcine placenta treatments, which was superior to standard, and especially, protease treated extracts showed best results. Skin formulation including 1% porcine placenta was made and the formulation was very stable for temperature and storage period. From this research, porcine placenta extract showed high potential for anti-wrinkle functional cosmetic agent.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2017

Placenta is a special organ that contains many nutrients such as growth factors, minerals, and bioactive peptides. Dipeptides of glycine and leucine are major components of porcine placenta extracts (PPE) that has been used as an alternative of human placenta extracts. In this study, we investigated whether major peptides of PPE, Glycyl-L-Leucine (Gly-Leu), L-Leucyl-Glycine (Leu-Gly), and L-Leucyl-L-Leucine (Leu-Leu), affect skin hydration and elasticity in vitro and in vivo. We found that Gly-Leu and Leu-Gly dipeptides induced the expression of transglutaminase 1 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) whereas Leu-Leu dipeptides did not. Treatment with Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly significantly increased hyaluronan (HA) synthesis in NHEKs and the upregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) mRNA level was confirmed. In addition, elastase activity was inhibited in NHEKs treated with Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly dipeptides. Oral administration of Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly dipeptides increased skin hydration and elasticity in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. The significant upregulation of HA in UVB-irradiated hairless mice was observed in response to oral administration of Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly. These results suggest that the major dipeptides of porcine placenta, Gly-Leu and Leu-Gly, are potentially active ingredients for skin moisturization formulations.