• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.255-265
• /
• 1996

Up to the present the study on the performance prediction of HAWT was performed mainly by assuming the axial flow. So in this paper we aimed at the fully non-axial flow of HAWT. For this purpose, we defined the wind turbine pitch angle in addition to the yaw angle to specify the arbitrary wind direction. And we adopted the Glauert method as the basic analysis method then modified this method suitably for our goal. By comparing the computational results obtained by this modified new Glauert method with the experimental results, it was proved that our method was a very efficient method. And on the basis of the reliability of this method we considered the effect of all the design parameters and presented the optimum blade geometry and the optimum operating condition to gain the best performance curve.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.15-15
• /
• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.17-48
• /
• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.458-465
• /
• 2009

일반적인 산업현장에서 내부결함 평가를 위해 사용되어온 유도초음파기법은 비결함 지역에서는 에너지 감쇠를 고려하지 않고 적용되어 왔다. 결함 지역에서의 신호는 산란과 반사에 의해서 분명한 감쇠가 발생하지만 비결함 지역에서도 작은 감쇠가 발생한다. 또한 분산선도에서 판파(Lamb wave)는 각 두께, 주파수에 의해 분산성이 달라지기에 각 모드에 적합한 감쇠계수를 찾는 것은 중요하다. 이를 위해 접촉식 PZT(piezoelectric)센서를 이용한 pitch-catch 방식으로 거리에 따른 각 모드의 감쇠계수를 구하였다. 본 연구에서는 흔히 쓰이는 알루미늄과 구리판으로, 두께 차이, 모드 차이, 재질 차이에 의한 실험적인 감쇠율을 구하는데 중점을 두었다. 그 결과 각 변수에 따라 감쇠계수는 달라지며, 정량화가 필요하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2020

We have developed a device for recording biological data by inserting three electrodes and a needle with an angular velocity sensor into the moth for the purpose of measuring the electromyogram of the flapping and the corresponding lift force. With this measurement, it is possible to evaluate the moth-physiological function of moths, and the amount of pesticides that insects are exposed to (currently LD50-based standards), especially the amount of chronic low-concentration exposure, can be reduced the dose. We measured and recorded 2-channel electromyography (EMG) and angular velocity corresponding to pitch angle (pitch-like angle) associated with wing flapping for 100 sweet potato hawkmoths (50 females and 50 males) with the animals suspended and constrained in air. Overall, the angular velocity and amplitude of EMG signals demonstrated high correlation, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.792. In contrast, the results of analysis performed on the peak-to-peak (PP) EMG intervals, which correspond to the RR intervals of ECG signals, indicated a correlation between ΔF fluctuation and angular velocity of R = 0.379. Thus, the accuracy of the regression curve was relatively poor. Using a DC amplification circuit without capacitive coupling as the EMG amplification circuit, we confirmed that the baseline changes at the gear change point of wing flapping. The following formula gives the lift provided by the wing: angular velocity × thoracic weight - air resistance - (eddy resistance due to turbulence). In future studies, we plan to attach a micro radio transmitter to the moths to gather data on potential energy, kinetic energy, and displacement during free flight for analysis. Such physiological functional evaluations of moths may alleviate damage to insect health due to repeated exposure to multiple agrochemicals and may lead to significant changes in the toxicity standards, which are currently based on LD50 values.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제28권9호
• /
• pp.1408-1414
• /
• 2004

The use of flip-chip technology has many advantages over other approaches for high-density electronic packaging. ACF (anisotropic conductive film) is one of the major flip-chip technologies, which has short chip-to-chip interconnection length, high productivity, and miniaturization of package. In this study, thermal fatigue lift of ACF bonding flip-chip package has been predicted. Elastic and thermal properties of ACF were measured by using DMA and TMA. Temperature dependent nonlinear hi-thermal analysis was conducted and the result was compared with Moire interferometer experiment. Calculated displacement field was well matched with experimental result. Thermal fatigue analysis was also conducted. The maximum shear strain occurs at the outmost located bump. Shear stress-strain curve was obtained to calculate fatigue life. Fatigue model for electronic adhesives was used to predict thermal fatigue life of ACF bonding flip-chip packaging. DOE (Design of Experiment) technique was used to find important design factors. The results show that PCB CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and elastic modulus of ACF material are important material parameters. And as important design parameters, chip width, bump pitch and bump width were chose. 2$^{nd}$ DOE was conducted to obtain RSM equation far the choose 3 design parameter. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) for the calculated RSM equation is 0.99934. Optimum design is conducted using the RSM equation. MMFD (Modified Method for feasible Direction) algorithm is used to optimum design. The optimum value for chip width, bump pitch and bump width were 7.87mm, 430$\mu$m, and 78$\mu$m, respectively. Approximately, 1400 cycles have been expected under optimum conditions. Reliability analysis was conducted to find out guideline for control range of design parameter. Sigma value was calculated with changing standard deviation of design variable. To acquire 6 sigma level thermal fatigue reliability, the Std. Deviation of design parameter should be controlled within 3% of average value.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.593-610
• /
• 2016

In this study, an innovative and smart glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) hybrid bar was developed for stronger durability of concrete structures. As comparing with the conventional GFRP bar, the smart GFRP Hybrid bar can promise to enhance the modulus of elasticity so that it makes the cracking reduced than the case when the conventional GFRP bar is used. Besides, the GFRP Hybrid bar can effectively resist the corrosion of conventional steel bar by the GFRP outer surface on the steel bar. In order to verify the bond performance of the GFRP hybrid bar for structural reinforcement, uniaxial pull-out test was conducted. The variables were the bar diameter and the number of strands and pitch of the fiber ribs. Tensile tests showed a excellent increase in the modulus of elasticity, 152.1 GPa, as compared to that of the pure GFRP bar (50 GPa). The stress-strain curve was bi-linear, so that the ductile performance could be obtained. For the bond test, the entire GFRP hybrid bar test specimens failed in concrete splitting due to higher shear strength resulting in concrete crushing as a function of bar deformation. Investigation revealed that an increase in the number of strands of fiber ribs enhanced the bond strength, and the pitch guaranteed the bond strength of 19.1 mm diameter hybrid bar with 15.9 mm diameter of core section of deformed steel the ACI 440 1R-15 equation is regarded as more suitable for predicting the bond strength of GFRP hybrid bars, whereas the CSA S806-12 prediction is considered too conservative and is largely influenced by the bar diameter. For further study, various geometrical and material properties such as concrete cover, cross-sectional ratio, and surface treatment should be considered.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.351-366
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 저가의 INS와 GPS 정보를 합성하여 고기동 환경에서 항체의 위치와 자세정보를 연속적으로 제공할 수 있는 약결합 방식의 통합 알고리즘을 구현하였고, 4S-Van에 장착된 이미지 센서의 위치와 자세결정 방법에 사용하였다. (D)GPS/INS 통합을 실시하기 전 IMU의 초기 정렬과정에서 방위각은 두 대의 GPS를 통해 결정하였으며 칼만 필터를 이용한 정밀정렬을 수행하였다. 통합 알고리즘의 성능평가를 위해 차량 테스트와 시뮬레이션 테스트를 병행하였다. 통합 결과 차량 시험을 기준으로 나타난 위치 오차는 직선도로에서 l0cm 내외의 정확도를 보이며 자세오차의 경우 시뮬레이션을 기준으로 롤각은 $0^{\circ}.01$, 피치각은 $0^{\circ}.03$, 요각은 $0^{\circ}.1$ 내외의 정확도를 보였다. 구현된 (D)GPS/INS 알고리즘은 기하보정 방법을 통해 이미지센서의 위치와 자세정보 제공자로서 활용될 수 있다. 따라서 4S-Van에 장착된 이미지 센서의 영상획득 시각에 대한 기하학적인 정보를 통해 지상의 건물이나 도로 시설물 등에 대한 3차원 공간 자료 구축이 가능하다고 보며, 구축된 정보를 통해 기존의 수치지도 갱신, 도로 시설물 관리, 비디오 GIS 데이터 베이스 구축 등에 대한 공간 자료 연계 및 응용에 활용할 계획이다.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 2004

직선격자와 원형격자의 혼합형태인 EC(Elongated circular) 격자의 무아레 무늬로 수 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 선형 횡변위를 보기 위하여 자체결상법으로 무아레 무늬를 형성하고 이를 신호처리하여 횡변위를 정밀하게 측정하였다. CCD 카메라로 측정한 무아레 무늬의 직선격자 부분을 고주파 필터링(filtering)과 스무딩(smooothing) 및 2차함수 피팅(fitting)하고, 이 결과의 1차 미분으로부터 영점교차의 위치를 세어서 직선격자 부분의 밝은 무늬의 위치를 측정하였다. 그리고 EC격자의 원형격자 부분에 의한 무아레 무늬는 고주파 필터링과 스무딩으로 구한 결과의 1차 미분에서 나온 영점교차 개수로부터 원형격자의 밝은 부분의 개수를 셈으로써 선형 횡변위의 EC격자 피치에 대한 정수배의 선형이동량을 정확히 계측하였다. 이 결과 80 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 이하의 횡변위에 대해서 지금까지 무아레 무늬로부터 가시적으로 구한 선형 횡변위량보다 훨씬 정확한 3% 이하의 정확도로 횡변위를 구할 수 있었다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국HCI학회 2008년도 학술대회 1부
• /
• pp.733-738
• /
• 2008

음열 음악은 쇤베르크가 창시한 20세기 음악의 중요한 작곡 기법중 하나이다. 이 음악은 범조적인 혹은 무조적인 특정을 가지며, 이로 인하여 독특한 현대 음악의 분위기를 생성하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 수학적 알고리즘을 이용하여 음열 음악을 생성하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 소개하는 방법은 음열음악에 대한 쇤베르크의 엄격한 정의보다는 더욱 자유로운 형태를 띄지만, 전체 음악 내에서 12개의 음이 사용되어야 한다는 규칙은 만족한다. 이를 위하여 원형 음열 및 원형 음열의 전위과 전조로 구성되어있는 음열도표를 자유롭게 탐색하는 공간 채움 곡선을 이용한다. 임의의 공간을 한번만 탐색하는 성질을 가진 이 곡선을 사용함으로써, 음열 도표에 있는 모든 음을 한번씩 사용하면서도 적절한 반복성을 띄는 음악을 생성할 수 있다. 따라서 생성된 음악은 원래의 음열 음악의 특징인 범조성 및 무조성을 유지하면서도 현대음악에 친숙하지 않은 사람들에게도 보다 쉽게 접근하는 음악을 생성할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 또한 다차원 공간 채움 곡선을 이용하여 음의 길이 및 세기까지 음열을 사용하는 더욱 확장된 형태의 음열음악을 생성하는 방법도 소개한다.