• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.1269-1274
• /
• 2018

In this paper, it covers technical aspect of drone by introducing the drone hovering. Arduino Uno and 3-axis attitude and azimuth sensor are the two main components of the drone. Arduino Uno is used as a main controller and 3-axis attitude and azimuth sensor are used to collect axial (X,Y,Z) data, which is massaged to determine the pitch (fore and aft tilt) and the bank (side to side tilt). Furthermore, drone stabilizes horizontal attitude by correcting these tilted angle through PID control.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.111-133
• /
• 2019

Flow through a scaled horizontal axis marine current turbine was numerically simulated after validation and the turbine design was optimized. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Ansys-CFX 16.1 for numerical modeling, an in-house blade element momentum (BEM) code for analytical modeling and an in-house surrogate-based optimization (SBO) code were used to find an optimal turbine design. The blade-pitch angle (${\theta}$) and the number of rotor blades (NR) were taken as design variables. A single objective optimization approach was utilized in the present work. The defined objective function was the turbine's power coefficient ($C_P$). A $3{\times}3$ full-factorial sampling technique was used to define the sample space. This sampling technique gave different turbine designs, which were further evaluated for the objective function by solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). Finally, the SBO technique with search algorithm produced an optimal design. It is found that the optimal design has improved the objective function by 26.5%. This article presents the solution approach, analysis of the turbine flow field and the predictability of various surrogate based techniques.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.478-492
• /
• 2021

In this study, hull dimensions of an FPSO were optimized to maximize its operability at Brazil field. In contrast with the previous works which have used simplified models to evaluate some indicators related to stability and hydrodynamic performances of FPSOs for its own optimal design, we developed a generic hull and compartment modeler and sophisticated stability and hydrodynamic calculation modules. With the aid of the developed tools, the hull optimization was performed with initial dimensions of an FPSO originally designed for west Africa field. The optimization results indicated the relative importance of hydrodynamic performances compared with stability performances for the FPSO hull dimensioning by showing that there were 3 active constraints related to them, which were the natural periods of heave and roll and the maximum pitch angle under 1-year return period waves at full load condition. To the author's knowledge, this study is the first attempt to combine altogether the hull and compartment modeling and full set of stability and hydrodynamic calculations precisely to optimize an FPSO's hull dimensions within 30 min. Also, it is worthwhile to mention that the developed methods are generic enough to be applied to all types of ship-shaped offshore platforms.

• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.33-37
• /
• 2021

The application of multicopters using a battery is limited by the short endurance due to the low energy density. A propeller is one of crucial components that determine the performance of the multicopter. In the present study, a systematic method for predicting the endurance of multicopters is described. Propeller performance database are constructed using the data from UIUC Propeller Data Site. Using the 'trendline' function of MS Excel software, the performance of the commercial propellers are represented as a function of polynomials. The multicopter's endurance is computed iteratively using Peukert's Law and considering the voltage drop effect. We evaluated the endurance of multicopters that use commercial propellers. The endurance of the multicopter was within the range of 28 min. to 36 min. It is expected that the present method can be utilized for optimal propeller selection for the given multicopters.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.163-171
• /
• 2023

Face gear transmission is widely used in aerospace shunt-confluence transmission system. Tooth wear is one of the main factors affecting its bearing transmission performance. Furthermore, the installation errors of face gear are inevitable. In order to study the wear mechanism of face gear tooth surface with installation errors, based on tooth contact analysis numerical method and Archard wear theory, the UMESHMOTION subroutine in ABAQUS is developed.Combining with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian adaptive mesh technology, the finite element mesh wear model of abraded face gear pair is established.The preprocessing conditions are set to generate the inp files.Then,the inp files for each corner are imported and batch processed in ABAQUS.The loading tooth contact problem at each rotation angle is solved and the load distribution coefficient among gear tooth, tooth root bending stress, tooth surface contact stress and loaded transmission error are obtained. Results show that the tooth root wear is the most serious and the wear at the pitch cone is close to 0.The wear law of tooth surface along tooth width direction is convex parabola and the wear law along tooth height direction is concave parabola.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term results of medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty four patients (25 feet) who had undergone medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot between July 2004 and May 2007 were included. The mean age was 43.6 years (16~78 years). The mean follow-up was 26 months (14~50 months). Clinical outcomes were assessed using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS). Six radiographic parameters were measured from weightbearing radiographs to assess the difference between preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved from 57.9 points preoperatively to 89.2 points at latest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean VAS improved from 62 points preoperatively to 23 points at latest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean talonavicular coverage angle on anteroposterior (AP) view changed from 20.2 degrees to 16.0 degrees (p=0.002). The mean calcaneal pitch angle on lateral view changed from 12.6 degrees preoperatively to 14.5 degrees at latest follow-up (p=0.001). Regarding these radiographic parameters, the difference between interobserver measurements was larger than that between pre- and post-operative measurements. The calcaneus was transferred medially by average 11.8 mm (p=0.003), which was 27.9% of the width of calcaneal tuberosity (p=0.000). The mean talo-first metatarsal angle on AP and lateral views, and navicular height on lateral view were not significantly changed. Conclusion: Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot could lead to improve the clinical outcomes, although the restoration of medial longitudinal arch was not clinically significant.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.197-202
• /
• 2008

Purpose: Haglund's disease represents a painful heel caused by mechanically induced inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and insertional Achilles tendinosis may coexist. Traditional open surgery can cause complications such as skin breakdown, painful scar and altered sensation around the heel. Endoscopic treatment offers the advantages that are related to minimally invasive procedure and we evaluate the clinical results and operative techniques of endoscopic decompression of retrocalcaneal space for Haglund's disease. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study included seven heels in six consecutive patients for which nonoperative treatment had failed and endoscopic decompression was performed. The mean age was forty-one years (range, 28 to 53 years). All of the patients had typical complaints of inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and Fowler-Philip angle of more than $75^{\circ}$ and positive parallel pitch lines were present on the lateral calcaneal radiograph. The endoscopic procedure consists of the resection of inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa and enough bone to prevent impingement of the bursa between the calcaneus and Achilles tendon. All patients were evaluated with radiologic angle, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and Ogilvie-Harris functional score. The mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 15 to 21 months). Results: The mean operation time was 61 minutes (range, 50 to 85 minutes). VAS for pain and Fowler-Philip angle were decreased from preoperative 8.7 and $82^{\circ}$ to postoperative 2.3 and $57^{\circ}$, respectively. One patient with ankylosing spondylitis had a fair result, 2 patients had good results and the remaining 3 patients had excellent results according to Ogilvie-Harris functional score. There were no surgical complications such as infection, Achilles tendon avulsion or abnormal heel sensation. Conclusion: The endoscopic decompression for Haglund's disease was demonstrated to have several advantages including low morbidity, allowance of functional rehabilitation, short recovery time and quick sports resumption. However a comparative study is needed to determine the value of endoscopic decompression and particular caution should be exerted for the enthesiopathy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2014.02a
• /
• pp.296-296
• /
• 2014

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the splitting of surface plasmon (SP) resonance peaks under TE- and TM-polarized illumination. The SP structure at infrared wavelength is fabricated with a 2-dimensional square periodic array of circular holes penetrating through Au (gold) film. In brief, the processing steps to fabricate the SP structure are as follows. (i) A standard optical lithography was performed to produce to a periodic array of photoresist (PR) circular cylinders. (ii) After the PR pattern, e-beam evaporation was used to deposit a 50-nm thick layer of Au. (iii) A lift-off processing with acetone to remove the PR layer, leading to final structure (pitch, $p=2.2{\mu}m$; aperture size, $d=1.1{\mu}m$) as shown in Fig. 1(a). The transmission is measured using a Nicolet Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at the incident angle from $0^{\circ}$ to $36^{\circ}$ with a step of $4^{\circ}$ both in TE and TM polarization. Measured first and second order SP resonances at interface between Au and GaAs exhibit the splitting into two branches under TM-polarized light as shown in Fig. 1(b). However, as the incidence angle under TE polarization is increased, the $1^{st}$ order SP resonance peak blue-shifts slightly while the splitting of $2^{nd}$ order SP resonance peak tends to be larger (not shown here). For the purpose of understanding our experimental results qualitatively, SP resonance peak wavelengths can be calculated from momentum matching condition (black circle depicted in Fig. 2(b)), $k_{sp}=k_{\parallel}{\pm}iG_x{\pm}jG_y$, where $k_{sp}$ is the SP wavevector, $k_{\parallel}$ is the in-plane component of incident light wavevector, i and j are SP coupling order, and G is the grating momentum wavevector. Moreover, for better understanding we performed 3D full field electromagnetic simulations of SP structure using a finite integration technique (CST Microwave Studio). Fig. 1(b) shows an excellent agreement between the experimental, calculated and CST-simulated splitting of SP resonance peaks with various incidence angles under TM-polarized illumination (TE results are not shown here). The simulated z-component electric field (Ez) distribution at incident angle, $4^{\circ}$ and $16^{\circ}$ under TM polarization and at the corresponding SP resonance wavelength is shown in Fig. 1(c). The analysis and comparison of theoretical results with experiment indicates a good agreement of the splitting behavior of the surface plasmon resonance modes at oblique incidence both in TE and TM polarization.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.209-218
• /
• 2008

According to improved radiation therapy technology such as IMRT and proton therapy, the accuracy of patient alignment system is more emphasized and IGRT is dominated research field in radiation oncology. We proposed to study the feasibility of cone-beam CT system using simple x-ray imaging systems for image guided proton therapy at National Cancer Center. 180 projection views ($2,304{\times}3,200$, 14 bit with 127 ${\mu}m$ pixel pitch) for the geometrical calibration phantom and humanoid phantoms (skull, abdomen) were acquired with $2^{\circ}$ step angle using x-ray imaging system of proton therapy gantry room ($360^{\circ}$ for 1 rotation). The geometrical calibration was performed for misalignments between the x-ray source and the flat-panel detector, such as distances and slanted angle using available algorithm. With the geometrically calibrated projection view, Feldkamp cone-beam algorithm using Ram-Lak filter was implemented for CBCT reconstruction images for skull and abdomen phantom. The distance from x-ray source to the gantry isocenter, the distance from the flat panel to the isocenter were calculated as 1,517.5 mm, 591.12 mm and the rotated angle of flat panel detector around x-ray beam axis was considered as $0.25^{\circ}$. It was observed that the blurring artifacts, originated from the rotation of the detector, in the reconstructed toomographs were significantly reduced after the geometrical calibration. The demonstrated CBCT images for the skull and abdomen phantoms are very promising. We performed the geometrical calibration of the large gantry rotation system with simple x-ray imaging devices for CBCT reconstruction. The CBCT system for proton therapy will be used as a main patient alignment system for image guided proton therapy.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
• /
• v.6 no.11
• /
• pp.445-452
• /
• 2017

Electric pole is a supporting beam used for power transmission/distribution which accelerometer are used for measuring a external force. The meteorological condition has various effects on the external forces of electric pole. One of them is the elasticity change of the aerial wire. It is very important to perform modelling. The acceleration sensor is converted into a pitch and a roll angle. The meteorological condition has a high correlation between variables, and selecting significant explanatory variables for modeling may result in the problem of over-fitting. We constructed high deviance explained model considering multicollinearity using the Generalized Additive Model which is one of the machine learning methods. As a result of the Variation Inflation Factor Test, we selected and fitted the significant variable as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction, air pressure, dewpoint, hours of daylight and cloud cover. It was noted that the Hours of daylight, cloud cover and air pressure has high explained value in explonatory variable. The average coefficient of determination (R-Squared) of the Generalized Additive Model was 0.69. The constructed model can help to predict the influence on the external forces of electric pole, and contribute to the purpose of securing safety on utility pole.