• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Background: Piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) is an antibiotic against a broad spectrum of gram-positive, gram-negative, and aerobic and anaerobic strains of bacteria. Due to changes in its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters by TZP-treated patients' renal functions and obesity, it is important to administrate and monitor TZP based on their renal functions and Body Mass Index (BMI) levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriateness of administration doses of TZP based on renal functions of obese cancer patients in a tertiary hospital. Methods: This study was retrospectively conducted with obese cancer patients with $BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$ in a tertiary hospital, Korea from September 2004 to August 2014. Data were collected through Electronic Medical Record (EMR) which contained laboratory data and TZP dosing of each patient. Results: Among 7,058 patients during the study period, 102 prescriptions were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and classified by their renal functions. Although TZP should be used based on patients' renal functions to adjust its dose, its initial dose and dosing interval were consistently used without considering patients' renal functions on a regular basis. Especially, in the comparison with FDA dosing standard of TZP, approximately twice patients with $20mL/min{\leq}CrCl{\leq}40mL/min$ received domestically 4.5 g instead of 2.25 g as the TZP starting dose. Conclusion: The appropriate doses of TZP were administered to almost all of obese cancer patients; however, the recommended TZP dose was different between Korea and other countries by twice the amount. Further related studies are necessary to clearly determine the results, to optimize TZP treatment for obese patients with cancer in clinical practice, and to design and develop new TZP formulations for them in pharmaceutical industry.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.387-391
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• 2002

In vitro $\beta$-lactamase inhibitory activity of 6-exomethylene sulbactam compounds (CH-120, 130, 140, 145, 150, 155) was compared with clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam. The inhibitory activity of CH-140 was stronger than sulbactam and clavulanic acid against Type II, III, IV, TEM enzymes and stronger than tazobactam against Type IV enzyme. The inhibitory activity of CH-145 was stronger than sulbactam and clavulanic acid against Type I, II, III, IV, TEM enzymes and stronger than tazobactam against Type III, IV enzymes. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of CH-140 and CH-145 combined with piperacillin and ceftriaxone was compared with the sulbactam and tazobactam against $\beta$-lactamase producing 31 strains. But, synergistic activity of CH-140 and CH-145 was inferior to tazobactam.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4549-4553
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• 2014

Background: Infection is a serious cause of mortality in febrile neutropenia of pediatric cancer patients. Recently, monotherapy has replaced the combination therapy in empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Since there has been no reported trial comparing the efficacy of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP/TAZ) monotherapies, the present retrospective study was conducted to compare safety and efficacy in febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Materials and Methods: Charts of febrile, neutropenic children hospitalized at our center between March 2008 and April 2011 for hemato-oncological malignancies were reviewed. Patients received PIP/TAZ 360 mg/kg/day or meropenem 60 mg/kg/day intravenously in three divided doses. Duration of fever and neutropenia, absolute neutrophil count, modification, and success rate were compared between the two groups. Resolution of fever without antibiotic change was defined as success and resolution of fever with antibiotic change or death of a patient was defined as failure. Modification was defined as changing the empirical antimicrobial agent during a febrile episode. Results: Two hundred eighty four febrile neutropenic episodes were documented in 136 patients with a median age of 5 years. In 198 episodes meropenem and in 86 episodes PIP/TAZ were used. Duration of fever and neutropenia, neutrophil count, sex, and primary disease were not different between two groups. Success rates and modification rate between two groups showed no significant differences (p>0.05). Overall success rate in the meropenem and PIP/TAZ groups were 92.4% and 91.9% respectively. No serious adverse effects occurred in either of the groups. Conclusions: Meropenem and PIP/TAZ monotherapy are equally safe and effective in the initial treatment of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• 제99권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2024

목적: 장내세균에서 3세대 cephalosporin 계열 항생제에 내성을 나타내는 주된 내성 기전은 extended spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)를 생성하는 것이다. ESBL 생성 장내세균은 ESBL 생성균이라고 하더라도 piperacillin/tazobactam 감수성 균인 경우 piperacillin/tazobactam을 사용해 볼 수 있으며 후향적 연구에서 carbapenem 계열 항생제를 투여한 경우에 비해 열등하지 않은 치료 효과가 보고된 바 있다. 하지만 미국감염학회 2023년 지침에서는 ESBL 생성 그람음성균 감염에서 carbapenem 계열 항생제를 권고하고 piperacillin/tazobactam 감수성인 그람음성균이더라도 carbapenem 계열 항생제를 투여하도록 하고 있다. 하지만 carbapenem 내성 장내세균의 증가 등으로 비 carbapenem 계열의 항생제들의 사용 필요성에 대한 평가는 아직도 필요한 상황이다. 이에 제주대학교병원의 ESBL 생성 장내세균속 균혈증 환자들의 carbapenem과 비 carbapenem 계열 항생제의 치료 효과를 보고한다. 방법: 2021년 1월부터 12월까지 527명의 성인 장내세균속 균혈증 환자들 중에서 ESBL 생성 장내세균속 환자 152명을 대상으로 후향적 자료를 수집하고 3개월 이내 장내세균 감염이 있었던 환자들과 30일 후 추적 관찰을 하지 못한 환자들을 제외하고 분석하였다. 결과: 총 118명의 ESBL 생성 장내세균속 균혈증 환자들중에서 54명의 환자가 확정적 항생제로 비 carbapenem 계열 항생제로 치료하였고 64명의 환자가 carbapenem 계열 항생제로 치료하였다. Kaplan-Meier 생존 분석 방법으로 30일 치료 실패율과 사망률을 분석한 결과 30일 치료 실패율은 비 carbapenem군이 16.7%, carbapenem군이 18.8%로 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다(p = 0.65). 30일 사망률은 비 carbapenem 계열군이 14.8%, carbapenem 계열군이 17.2%로 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다(p = 0.63). 전체 환자들 중에서 치료 실패한 환자들을 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석한 결과에서 요로 감염 외 감염과 이전 30일 이내 항생제 사용력이 있는 경우 치료 실패의 위험인자로 확인되었다. 결론: ESBL 생성 장내세균속 균혈증 환자들은 국내에서 확정적 항생제로 비 carbapenem 계열의 항생제를 사용해 볼수 있으나 중증 환자들을 포함한 다기관, 전향적 후속 연구들이 필요하다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

Background: In July 2016, the Infectious diseases society of america and the american thoracic society (IDSA & ATS) published a guideline recommending piperacillin/tazobactam (Pip/Tazo) 18 g/day as the anti-pseudomonal dose for the treatment of pathogenic pneumonia. After the guideline was published, the Pip/Tazo dose used for the treatment of pathogenic pneumonia was changed from 13.5 g/day to 18 g/day in a superior general hospital intensive care unit (ICU). In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness and safety of the new dose. Methods: Adult patients aged ${\geq}19years$ who were diagnosed with pneumonia in ICU and who received Pip/Tazo for 7 days or more from September 1, 2015 to May 31, 2017 were included in the study. The electronic medical record (EMR) was retrospectively analyzed. Results: At baseline, there was a significant difference between 44 patients treated with 13.5 g/day and 31 patients treated with 18 g/day of Pip/Tazo. The 18 g/day-treatment group comprised more elderly patients than the 13.5 g/day-treatment group (p=0.028). The results of the treatment-effects analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. In case of safety data, there were significant differences in two parameters related to blood count, namely hemoglobin (p=0.016) and platelet count (p=0.011). Conclusion: Based on the significant difference in baseline age, there is a possibility that high-dose Pip/Tazo showed improved therapeutic effect. However, when high-dose Pip/Tazo was used, the blood cell count was found to drop from the reference value more frequently. Therefore, blood cell count should be monitored carefully when high-dose Pip/Tazo is administered.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2017

Otitis externa (OE) is an inflammatory disease of the externa auditory meatus that occurs commonly in dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests should be performed in case of chronic OE for successful treatment. In this study, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test of bacteria isolated from dogs with chronic OE was performed. From 60 dogs with chronic OE, 60 bacterial species were identified. The most frequently identified species were Staphylococcus spp. (51%), followed by Pseudomonas spp. (15%) and Enterococcus spp. (14%). A single bacterial infection and multiple bacterial infections were observed in 67.5% and 32.5%, respectively. Staphylococcus spp. was susceptible to imipenum. Pseudomonas spp. was found to be susceptible to amikacin, cefepime, imipenum and piperacillin-tazobactam. Enterococcus spp. was susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, imipenum and piperacillin-tazobactam. Imipenum was highly susceptible antibiotic against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria whereas aztreonam and vancomycin were highly resistant. These results could suggest the optimal choice of antimicrobial agents for canine OE treatment.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.462-472
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• 1997

In this approach, the antimicrobial activities of the compounds were compared with the ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics against ${\beta}$-lactamase producing strains in vitro. Heteroc yclyl exomethylenepenam derivatives were several numbers of 6-exomethylenepenam sodiums (CH1240, CH1245, CH1250, CH2140, CH2145, CH2150). The inhibitory concentraion assay of six compounds were compared with clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam are used as inhibitors of a variety of plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. In vitro ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitory assay, CH1240 and CH2140 were more active than clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam against ${\beta}$-lactamases overally. And in vitro comparative antimicrobial susceptibility test of six inhibitors were performed with mixed forms of ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefoperazone against ${\beta}$-lactamase producing 31 species strains. Consequently CH2140 and CH1240 among the six compounds enhanced the activity of the ${\beta}$-lactams for 31 ${\beta}$-lactamase producing strains.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2015

Purpose: Burkholderia cepacia is an aerobic, glucose-non-fermenting, gram-negative bacillus that mainly affects immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. Burkholderia cepacia has high levels of resistance to many antimicrobial agents, and therapeutic options are limited. The authors sought to analyze the incidence, clinical manifestation, risk factors, antimicrobial sensitivity and outcomes of B. cepacia urinary tract infection (UTI) in pediatric patients. Methods: Pediatric patients with urine culture-proven B. cepacia UTI between January 2000 and December 2014 at Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea, were included in a retrospective analysis of medical records. Results: Over 14 years, 14 patients (male-to-female ratio of 1:1) were diagnosed with B. cepacia UTI. Of 14 patients with UTI, 11 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and a bladder catheter was present in 9 patients when urine culture was positive for B. cepacia. Patients had multiple predisposing factors for UTI, including double-J catheter insertion (14.2%), vesico-ureteral reflux (28.6%), congenital heart disease (28.6%), or malignancy (21.4%). Burkholderia cepacia isolates were sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and resistant to amikacin and colistin. Treatment with parenteral or oral antimicrobial agents including piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, meropenem, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resulted in complete recovery from UTI. Conclusion: Burkholderia cepacia may be a causative pathogen for nosocomial UTI in pediatric patients with predisposing factors, and appropriate selection of antimicrobial therapy is necessary because of high levels of resistance to empirical therapy, including aminoglycosides.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

From the total 121,294 clinical materials submitted to the Department of Laboratory Medicine of "C" hospital from December 1, 2004 to November 30, 2006, 3,408 Pseudomonas spp. were isolated. The isolation frequencies of Pseudomonas spp. were as follows, P. aeruginosa 95.5%, P. putida 2.5%, P. fluorescens 0.8%, along with low frequencies of P. luteola, P. alcaligenes, P. stutzeri, P. oryzihabitants, P. mendocina and unidentified Pseudomonas species. The isolation rates of Pseudomonas spp. according to season and sex were evenly distributed. The isolated frequency of Pseudomonas spp. in male was two times higher than that of in female showing significantly more male patients in surgical areas and more female patients in internal areas (p<0.001). In monthly analysis, Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated in July (10.4%), but lowest in February (5.6%). Half of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from sputum (48.2%). In the susceptibility analysis of Pseudomonas spp. by VITEK II AST cards, the Pseudomonas spp showing higher susceptibility against antimicrobial agents were piperacillin/tazobactam (82.7%) in P. aeruginosa; amikacin (84.7%), colistin (83.3%) in P. putida; and amikacin (96.3%), cefepime (87.5%), ceftazidime (87.5%) ciprofloxacin (92.3%), colistin (88.5%) gentamicin (96.2%), isepamicin (96,1%), meropenem (92.3%), netilmicin (96.0%), piperacillin/ tazobactam (95.4%) and tobramycin (92.6%) in P. fluorescens.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.510-517
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• 2021

Purpose: Consensus is lacking regarding the optimal antibiotic treatment for pediatric complicated appendicitis. This study determined the optimal first-line antibiotic treatment for pediatric patients with complicated appendicitis based on peritoneal fluid cultures. Methods: This retrospective study examined the cases of pediatric patients who underwent appendectomy for complicated appendicitis at our institution between 2013 and 2019. Peritoneal fluid specimens obtained during appendectomy were cultured for the presence of bacteria. Results: Eighty-six pediatric patients were diagnosed with complicated appendicitis. Of them, bacteria were identified in 54 peritoneal fluid samples. The major identified bacteria were Escherichia coli (n=36 [66.7%]), Bacteroides fragilis (n=28 [51.9%]), α-Streptococcus (n=25 [46.3%]), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10 [18.5%]), Enterococcus avium (n=9 [16.7%]), γ-Streptococcus (n=9 [16.7%]), and Klebsiella oxytoca (n=6 [11.1%]). An antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed E. coli was inhibited by sulbactam/ampicillin in 43.8% of cases versus cefmetazole in 100% of cases. Tazobactam/piperacillin and meropenem inhibited the growth of 96.9-100% of the major identified bacteria. E. coli (100% vs. 84.6%) and P. aeruginosa (100% vs. 80.0%) were more susceptible to amikacin than gentamicin. Conclusion: Tazobactam/piperacillin or meropenem is a reasonable first-line antibiotic treatment for pediatric complicated appendicitis. In the case of aminoglycoside use, amikacin is recommended.