• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate climax index by eco-morphology for major 36 tree and sub-tree species in natural deciduous forests so as to interpret seral position of each species in the forest community. Fourteen eco-morphological characters which were considered to be associated with successional gradient in the forest were selected for the study. Four levels per character for each species were given on a standardized scale of increasing climax, and the index was computed by the proportion of the sum of total scores, expressed by percent values. With calculated mean value of 54.8 for all indices, Carpinus cordata had the highest index value of 90.5, and Populus davidiana recorded the lowest of 13.2. The most climax group, greater than 70 of the index, contained only 8 species, intermediate group, between 41 to 70 of the index, had 23 species, and the most pioneer group, less than 40 of the index comprised 5 species. The result has noticed that the large number of species would take advantage of most diverse resource and niche in the intermediate stage of the sere in the forest. By cluster analysis all 36 species were subjected to be classified into several species groups which had common similar eco-morphological characteristics. The indices were additionally plotted on the two dimensional graph to recognize the positions related to the light absorption factor and reproduction factor. The climax index of tree and sub-tree species developed by this study could be applied to understand the present status of successional stage on the basis of species composition by the method of summing up the indices. And comparison of forest successional stage among various forest communities could be done by summing up the climax indices of composed species in each community. However, this kind of applied methodology should be limited to the forest of similar species composition and site condition.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2013

To understand natural regeneration and stand development after fire in mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests of Sikhote-Alin Mountains, ten sample plots of $50m{\times}50m$ size were established in 1975 and 1983 at the stands burned by wildfires in 1973 and 1982, respectively. And, the number of naturally regenerated seedlings were monitored in two $50m{\times}4m$ subplots in each plot. The most fire-sensitive conifer species is Abies nephrolepis, while Betula costata is the most fire-sensitive broadleaved tree species. The most fire-resistant species were Q. mongolica, T. taquetii and A. mono. The results of 20 and 30 years after the fire showed that pioneer tree species, e.g. Populus, Salix, and Betula, were regenerated immediately at the early stage of stand development and grew where there is a mono canopy layer with high density. On the other hand, the densities of successors, e.g. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono and Tilia taquetii, which were present in the study plots before the fire, increased gradually. Naturally regenerated tree species after forest fire by the growth rate were divided into three groups according to their annual height growth. The seral tree species (Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, Padus maackii, Populus tremula and Sarix caprea) belong to the first group and have the highest growth rate (from 40 to 96 cm per year). The late successional broad-leaved trees (Tilia taquetii, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica) belong to the second group and have intermediate annual height growth (from 3.7 to 13.5 cm per year). The late successional coniferous species (Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis) form the third group and have the least annual height growth (from 1.4 to 3.5 cm per year).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.324-333
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• 2022

Background: The Korean scarlet dwarf, Nannophya koreana Bae (Odonata: Libellulidae), is anendangered dragonfly with an increasing risk of extinction owing to rapid climate changes and human activities. To prevent extinction, the N. koreana population and their habitat should be protected. Therefore, suitable habitat evaluation is important to build the N. koreana restoration project. The habitat suitability index model (HSI) has been widely used for habitat evaluation in diverse organisms. Results: To build a suitable HSI model for N. koreana, 16 factors were examined by seven experienced researchers. A field survey for N. koreana observed sites and spatial analysis were conducted to improve the model. Five factors were finally selected by this procedure (crown density, open water surface, water depth, pioneer plant cover, and type of water source). Finally, the N. koreana HSI model was generated with the five adjusted factors based on interview, field survey, and spatial analysis. This model was validated by a current N. koreana habitat in 2021. With this model, 46 sites in Uljin-gun, Korea, were surveyed for N. koreana habitats; five sites were identified as core habitats and seven as potential core habitats. Conclusions: This model will serve as a strong foundation for the N. koreana restoration project and as a reference for future studies on N. koreana and other endangered insect populations. Further analysis and long-term data will improve the efficacy of this model and restore endangered wildlife.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1995

산사태지(山沙汰地)에서의 자연적인 식생착생(植生着生) 및 식생회복과정(植生回復過程)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 경기도(京畿道) 용인(龍仁) 화성군지역(華城郡地域)에서 산사태지(山沙汰地) 복구공사시행지(復舊工事施行地)(14개소)와 복구공사시행지(復舊工事施行地)(14개소)를 대상(對象)으로 1993년과 1994년에 식생조사(植生調査) 수행(遂行)하였다. 산사태지(山沙汰地)에서는 총 61종(種)의 식생(植生)이 출현하였으며, 초기식생침엽은 주로 참싸리새, 쑥, 고사리, 망초, 산딸기, 국수나무 등에 의해 이루어지고 있었다. 종다양도(種多樣度)와 균재도(均在度)는 복구공사비시행지(復舊工事非施行地)가 복구공사시행지(復舊工事施行地)에서보다 높았으며, 또한 주변식생과의 유사도지수(類似度指數)에 있어서도 복구공사비시행지(復舊工事非施行地)가 복구공사시행지(復舊工事施行地)에서보다 높게 나타났고, 천이도지수(遷移度指數)에 있어서는 두 처리지에서 비슷한 값을 보였으므로 복구공사시비행지(復舊工事非施行地)에서는 주변식생의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 식생회복녹화(植生回復綠化)에는 초기착생력(初期着生力)이 크고 적응력(適應力)이 큰 참싸리, 새, 억새, 쑥, 고사리, 산딸기, 망초, 국수나무 등과 같은 자생종(自生種)의 활용(活用)이 도입초종(導入草種)의 이용보다 효과적일 것이다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.290-298
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• 2007

한반도 신두리 해안사구를 대상으로 TWINSPAN 분류법과 DECORANA 배열법에 의한 미지형과 식생의 대상구조 및 변화를 예측한 결과는 다음과 같다. 해안사구의 미지형과 식생은 해안선에서 내륙을 향해 뚜렷한 띠모양의 대상구조를 이루었다. 해안선 방향의 사빈은 수송나물의 출현이 많았고 일차사구는 갯그령이 우점하였다. 사구저지는 좀보리사초와 띠가 군락을 이루었으며 사구습지는 산조풀이 넓게 분포하였다. 이차사구는 띠와 갯쇠보리가 주종을 이루는 가운데 순비기나무와 해당화가 분포하는 양상이었고 내륙방향의 배후구릉지는 아까시나무와 곰솔이 우점하였다. 그러나 해안사구는 해안선 방향의 선구종으로 알려진 통보리사초가 후방의 이차사구에서 우점하였고 내륙성의 억새와 귀화식물의 겹달맞이꽃이 해안사구 전체에서 불규칙하게 덮고 있어 미지형의 안정화가 불확실하였다. 특히 억새는 해안사구의 안정화가 진행될수록 유집성이 높은 사구저지, 이차사구, 일차사구의 우점종으로 변화가 예측되었으며 일차사구와 이차사구 사이의 도로와 사구습지의 확대는 식물분포의 대상구조에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.18-22
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• 1974

Counts of herb stems were made with each systematic grid sized 10cm by 1300cm within six apparently homogeneous herb layers under the open young Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora, stands. The stands had often been subjected to strong human interferences such as burning, cutting, grazing, and denuding since human settlement until the conservation scheme practiced in these stands for last decade. In addition, amounts of loss of ignition and field capacity were determined to detect soil heterogeneity among and within the stands. The values of information measure of diversity(H), and Hurlbert's probability of interspecfic encounter(Δ), obtained here do not show any consistent correlation. The amount of interspecific competetion(Δ1), the ratio of interspecific to intraspecific competetion(Δ4), Levin's niche breadth(Sh), and species evenness(V), increase, while the amount of intraspecific competetion decrease, as the soil factors become favorable. One stand examined does not follow the above trends, which is more young and shows strong within site heterogeneity of the soil factors. The stand includes pioneer species which is not detectable without detailed observation. It is argued that in stable or favorable environment more intense interspecific competetion and less intraspecific competetion might occur, but this situation does not necessarily always bring smaller niche breadth. In this connection, the results support Hurlbert's contention that the two components of diversity should be analyzed separately.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

Studies of the red algal genus Bostrychia over the last 15 years have made it a model system for many evolutionary processes within red algal species. The combination of newly developed, or first employed methods, in red algal species studies has made Bostrychia a pioneer genus in intraspecific studies. Bostrychia was the first genus in which a mitochondrial marker was used for intraspecific red algal phylogeny, and the first for which a 3-genome phylogeny was undertaken. The genus was the first red alga used to genetically show maternal plastid and mitochondria inheritance, and also to show correlation between cryptic species (genetically divergent intraspecific lineages) and reproductive incompatibility. The chemotaxonomic use, and physiological function of osmolytes, has also been extensively studied in Bostrychia. Our continuous studies of Bostrychia also highlight important aspects in algal species studies. Our worldwide sampling, and resampling in certain areas, show that intensive sampling is needed to accurately assess the genetic diversity and therefore phylogeographic history of algal species, with increased sampling altering evolutionary hypotheses. Our studies have also shown that long-term morphological character stability (stasis) and character convergence can only be correctly assessed with wide geographic sampling of morphological species. While reproductive incompatibility of divergent lineages supports the biological species nature of these lineages, reproductive incompatibility is also seen between isolates with little genetic divergence. It seems that reproductive incompatibility may evolve quickly in red algae and the unique early stages of fertilization (e.g., gametes covered by walls, active movement of spermatium nuclei to the distant egg nucleus), also well investigated in Bostrychia,. may be key to our understanding of this process.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.32-43
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• 2004

Targeting a rooftop biotope created in urban area, this study aims at verifying a creation technique reflecting an urban biosphere reserve concept as well as its function as the habitats of various wild animals. To this end, a set of processes of a biosphere reserve-based basic conception and master plan, sectoral plans, construction and monitoring were applied to the rooftop of 12-story UNESCO Building in Seoul. In particular, the rooftop habitats were divided into core area, buffer zone and transition area, and habitats and facilities suitable to the characteristics of each space were planned. By aligning a plantation planning map with environmental conditions such as topography and water, creation of diverse habitats was enabled. As a result, a set of various habitats including wetlands, wild grassland, shrubs, forest trees and vegetable fields was created at the site. Species living in these habitats included 148 plant species, 62 insect species, 2 amphibian species, 3 fishery species and 3 bird species. The rooftop eco-park of UNESCO Building, which was created one year ago, is assessed as an important space for conservation of biodiversity as well as a place where a biosphere reserve concept was well applied. Meanwhile, for this rooftop biotope to be a pioneer of urban biosphere reserve-based types, a number of principles & methodologies suggested in this study need to be applied, In a perspective of landscape ecology, maintenance efforts should be linked with green areas in neighboring areas, which are the sources of species, In addition, considering that the rooftop biotope is a restored ecosystem, theories and approaches from restoration ecology should be applied. On-going monitoring on environmental changes is also required as the site is located in the urban center, Ultimately, rooftop biotopes including the case study area should contribute in promoting the socio-economic, cultural, and spiritual sustainability as well as environmental sustainability of a city.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2020

Understanding vegetation structure and the relationship with environmental factors has been crucial for restoration and conservation of riparian zones. In this study, we conducted field survey in a riparian zone of Namhan River in South Korea both before and after flooding in order to understand temporal and spatial variations of riparian vegetation. There were significant temporal and spatial variations in species composition, and distribution patterns of vegetation were different along a gradient of elevation above the water level. At low elevation, Zizania latifolia was dominant throughout the field survey periods, and Bidens frondosa began to grow late and dominated both in post-flooding 1 and 2. Prior to flooding, Scirpus radicans and Polygonum thunbergii were widely distributed at middle elevation, while Artemisia vulgaris, Phragmites australis, and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were dominant at high elevation. After flooding, P. thunbergii was dominant at middle elevation with most other species decreasing, and more invasive or pioneer plants, including Artemisia princeps, H. scandens, and Sicyos angulatus, were observed at high elevation. Species composition and distribution patterns were homogeneous at low elevation, whereas dynamic variations of vegetation were observed both temporally and spatially at higher elevations. Elevation and distance from the water front were the most principal factors governing vegetation structure. Furthermore, soil physicochemical properties were also found to determine species composition and distribution patterns. These results indicate that vegetation structure in the riparian zones is formed by the combined effects of hydrological regime and soil physicochemical properties, inherent characteristics of species, and interspecific competition. Understanding of temporal and spatial variations of riparian vegetation may provide useful insights into ecological restoration and conservation of the vegetation within the riparian zones.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1999

This study was carried out to suggest the slope revegetation technology of biological engineering using the Ligustrum obtusifolium, which is one of the pioneer plant species. Ahead of the experimental construction, we evaluated the L. obtusifolium's value of biological engineering for the slope stabilization by testing the growth rate after the cuttings were buried for 8 weeks('98. 7. ~ '98. 9.). In this test, it was found that the L. obtusifolium, one of the species deep rooted with developed underground parts, is very effective for the slope stabilization and that the rooting powder(Hormex Powder) gave the better effects on root germination. In April of 1999, the experimental construction of biological engineering technology using recycled L. obtusifolium live cuttings(applied growth-stimulating compound) and green bags was conducted at sandy cut-slope in GLEN ROSS G.C.(Yongin). The slope was tolerant of soil erosion despite of heavy rainfall in the rainy season and many plant species invading for five months('99. 4. ~ '99. 9.). The vegetation research was performed through examining the frequency of each block using the transect method. 21 kinds of plant speices appeared in total area($25.5m^2$) and the dominant species are Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Cyperus amuricus, Persicaria blumei, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis. With regard to life forms, therophytes were shown with a dominant distribution of 66.7% of total species and neophytes relatively with a low distribution of 19.0%. Furthermore, it can be estimated that there is no ecological stabilization of this slope with the result of the ruderal species' occupation of 71.4%. It is too early to argue about ecological mechanical advantages and disadvantages of this technology, but, from the result of this study, it is expected that the slope revegetation technology of biological engineering using L. obtusifolium can be effectively applied to sandy slope(not rock or weathered rock slope) and that the early rapid stabilization and favorable succession could be done with the improvement of soil condition.