• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2006

We carried out pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating from sediments of Wangdeungjae moor (960 m a.s.l.) to clarify vegetation history of temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest zone of Mt. Jiri. Three local pollen zones and two sub-zones were recognized on the basis of variation in the palynofloral assemblage: I. Quercus zone (150-114 cm), II. Quercus-Pinus zone (114-43 cm): IIa. Quercus-Pinus subzone (114-83 cm), IIb. Quercus-Pinus-Herbs subzone (83-43 cm), III. Pinus-Quercus zone (43-27 cm). Radiocarbon date from sediment depth 111-116 cm was estimated $1,160{\pm}40yr$ B.P. From these results, overall vegetation around of Wangdeungjae moor and Mt. Jiri have changed from Q. mongolica dominant to steady decrease of Q. mongolica whereas steady increase of P. densiflora, finally abrupt increase of P. densiflora. 'Medieval Warm Period (MWP)' and 'Little Ice Age (LIA)' have not had an effect on change of vegetation around, at least, Mt. Jiri. But at maximum period of LIA, extension of grassland and steady increase of Pinus were recognized around the moor. After then, an abrupt increase of Pinus is supposed that vegetation change is reflected in human impact surging around foothills.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1992

Pollen analysis to clear vegetational history of korea was carried out on the deposite taken from the pit of the miruksa site, south-western korea(36o00'18'N, 127o1'12'E, 10m in alt.). This area has been known as the cool temperate zone(southern zone) according to yim and kira(1975). But, now we can not found the original vegetation because the area has been disturbed severely and almost area changed to cultivated land.the area is one of the most developd area in early agricultural stage of korea. By the pollen diagram, three local pollen zones are distinguished in this site, bottom to surface, as following. is-Ⅰ :pinus-quercus zone (140∼120 cm, sample 1 and 2) is-Ⅱ :ulmus+zelkova zone(120∼84 cm, sample 3∼6) is-Ⅲ :pinus zone(84∼0 cm, sample 7 ∼13) is-Ⅰ is characterized by high values in frequences of pinus, the temperate conifer and quercus the cool temperate oak, and is-Ⅱ zone by the decrease of quercus and increase of ulmus and increase of ulman+zelkova as ravine forest elements, isⅢ zone is characterized by pinus, especially, based on data of sample no.9.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 1993

Ansan urban nature park is 197.8ha and located in Seodeamun-Gu of Seoul. Flora of Ansan consisted of 141 species, 76 genera, 40 families in woody plants. This study was conducted to analyze the natural environment and establish the park management plan with ecological approach. The result of this study is summarized as follows. 1. The short term plan shall be performed in six vegetation management zones; Robinia pseudoacacia community zone, Sorbus alnifolia community zone, Quercus acutissima community zone, Populus ${\times}$albagrandulosa community zone, Pinus densiflora community zone, and landscape planting zone. Pinus densiflora and landscape planting zones shall be managed artificially, the others managed with ecological approach. 2. The long term plan shall be performed in four vegetation management zones; Robinia pseudoacacia community zone, Quercus spp. community zone, Pinus densiflora community zone, and landscape planting zone. Pinus densiflora and landscape planting zones shall be managed artificially, the others managed with ecological approach. 3. Because soil of Ansan is acidified and the soil disturbed growth of plants, the improvement of soil is necessary. The fertilization shall be performed in three zones; evergreen confierous tree zone(ex. P. densiflora), Quercus spp. zone, and the other deciduous tree zone(ex. R. pseudoacacia).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.573-580
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• 2006

A sediment core from the Cheollipo arboretum ($36^{\circ}$ 47' 57'N, $126^{\circ}$ 09' 04') was studied for pollen analysis in order to reconstruct postglacial vegetational change and environmental changes around the central western region of the Korean Peninsula. The record shows four pollen assemblage zones: Zone CHL-I, Quercus stage (ca. 9,300$\sim$6,200 yr BP): zone CHL-II, Quercus-Pinus stage (ca. 6,200$\sim$4,600 yr BP); zone CHL- III, Pinus-Quercus stage (ca. 4,600$\sim$1,160 yr BP): zone CHL-IV and Pinus stage (ca. 1,160 yr BP-present). During the 9,300$\sim$8,500 yr BP, the early Holocene, researchers have guessed a piece of cool-temperate norihern/altimontane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Between 8,500$\sim$4,600 yr BP the Quercus dominated the landscape of study area and the established dates of this typical cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest vegetation might be ca. 6500 yr BP, and then the Pinus developed around the site at ca. 5,700 yr BP. The abrupt increase of Pinus and NAP (non-arboreal pollen) after ca. 1,100 yr BP indicates the vegetation changes due to human activities. From the dynamics of the Chenopodiaceae pollen indicating salt marsh and freshwater pollen flora such as Typha, Trapa, Nymphoides and so forth, we suggest that the tidal flat was altered into freshwater lake around 6,500 yr BP.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2011

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

This is the review of vegetational history of the post-glacial period in Korea. most of studies for vegetational changes are located in the lowland alluvial plain, especially below the hilly zone of western and eastern coastal regions of Korea. A couple of methods, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating, have been employed in these studies. These results lead us to establish the pollen zonation in Korea as the followings. Yasuda et al.(1980) classified six period in Yongrang lake of sokcho. These are as follow I. 17,000-15,000yr B.P.: Picea, Abies, Pinus(Haploxylon), Larix stage, II.15,000-10,000yr B.P:Herb, Pteridophyta stage, III.10.000-6,700yr BP.:Quercus stage, IV.6,700-4,500yr B.P.:Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus stage, V.4,500-1,400yr B.P.:Quercus. Pinus stage, VI.1,400yr B.P.-present: Pinus, Herbs stage. Jo(1979) also divided the period into two stages from the outcomes of analysis done in Jumoonjin and other sites I.10,000-6,000yr B.P.:Quercus stage, II.6,000-present: Pinus-Quercus stage, and three substages: IIa.6,000-3,400 yr B.P.:lower Pinus stage, IIb.3,400-2,000yr B.P.:Pinus-Quercus stage, IIc.2,000-present: Pinus stage. Choi(1993, 1996) divided the period into three stages: I.6,000-5,000yr B.P.:Alnus, Quercus stage, II.5,000-4,000yr B.P.: Alnus, Quercus, Pinus stage, III.4,500-2,600yr B.P.: Alnus, Pinus stage. In the period around 6,000yr B.P. distinct dominant species clearly occupied the lowland of the eastern and western coasts. Thus, this strongly supports the fact that even if Korea experienced its warm and wet climate after the lateglacial, it underwent a different environmental change, dry climate, compared to the regions of Japan.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.195-204
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• 1987

Pollen analysis of moor peat of Daeam Mountain revealed vegetational history around Daeam Mountain. The pollen stratigraphy might be zoned into three, Zone I, Zone II and Zone III for the past 2, 200 years. The time required for amount of the accumulated peat in the moor was estimated in terms of the balance of the accumulation and decay of organic carbon of the deposit peat. Zone I(770~2, 200 yr BP) had Pinus and Quercus as main elements. Gramineae decreased while Typhaceae, Cyperaceae and spores such as Polypodiaceae increased. Zone II(300~770 yr BP) showed warming trend which is suggested by high pollen concentrations of Quercus, Juglans, Carpinus, Ulmus and by a more diverse flora of deciduous borad-leaved trees than Zone I. Pinus decreased in this zone. It suggests that the overall environment became milder than Zones I and III. Zone III(earlier than 300 yt BP) was predominantly Quercu and Pinus with amount of nonarboreal species such as Artemisia, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae, that was grown under dry conditions. It suggests that overall environment vecome humid by comparison with the present time and it is surmised the course of boggy ground formation by a retrogressive succession.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The pollen analysis on the deposits of the lower marine terrace I of the estimated paleoshoreline height of 18m was performed in order to estimate the formation age of this terrace developed at the Sanha-dong coast, Ulsan, southeastern coast of the Korean peninsula. The pollen assemblage of the peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone (Quercus-Ulmus/Zelkova zone), lying directly on the marine rounded pebble layer of this terrace, shows that the climatic environment of the deposition period of SH-1 pollen zone was almost similar to that of the Postglacial climatic optimum period, but slightly cooler than that of the late warm stage of Last Interglacial(MIS 5a) in the eastern coast of Korea. This heightens the possibility that the deposition period of the marine rounded pebble layer which was covered by the above SH-1 peat layer is the MIS 5e which has been estimated by a previous study of the sedimentary facies of this terrace deposits (Choi, 2016). The pollen assemblage of SH-2 pollen zone (Pinus-Quercus zone) shows that the climate of this period was almost similar to that of the late Postglacial, but slightly cooler than that of the period of SH-1 pollen zone. This means that the climate around the Sanha-dong was still warmer in the deposition period of the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone. Thus, the peat layer of SH-2 pollen zone was considered to have been deposited during the period from the early regression stage of the MIS 5d which is the estimated final stage in the deposition period of the above peat layer of SH-1 pollen zone to any stage in which the warmer environment of MIS 5 has still lasted. The humic silt layer of SH-3 pollen zone (Pinus-Ulmus/Zelkova-Abies zone) is assumed to have been deposited during the interstadial of the Last Glacial (MIS 3).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-277
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• 2007

We carried out a phytosociological study on pine forests in Korea with the method of Zurich-Montpellier School. We collected the data of 252 $relev{\acute{e}}s$ from 45 sites in the pine forests throughout the Korean Peninsula and its attached islands. The vegetation of the pine forests was classified into one association, three communities and seven subcommunities as follows: A: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, A-1: Typical subcommunity, A-2: Vaccinium korean urn subcommunity, A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity, B: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community, B-1: Typical subcommunity, B-2: Juniperus rigida subcommunity, B-3: Styrax japonica subcommunity, B-4: Eurya japonica subcommunity, C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990, and D: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community. The former three communities were integrated into the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. 1992. The Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community remained to be studied in future to determine the association. The communities of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community was distributed throughout the montane zone in central-northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community occupied widely in the sub-montane and hilly areas in central and Southern Korean Peninsula. The association of Saso-Pinetum densiflorae was found in Cheju Island. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community were distributed in the warm-temperate zone including islands off the south-west coast of the Peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1990

This study was executed to investigate the vegetation structure and to propose the vegetation management proposals of the Sansung Nature Park at Cheonju City and the results were as fellows. 1. A damage of vegetation and soil surface around the Namgosa was taken place up to 100m by picnic 2. Pinus rigida forest covered 36.1% of the total area(152.6ha) and total afforested vegetation covered 43.5%, respectively. P. denstflora comm. covered 28.4% arid Carpinus laxiflora Comm. as a climax vegetation in temerate zone covered 0.3%, respectively. 3. 6, 7 and 8 of the degree of human disturbance of vegetation covered 45.3%, 26.6% and 21.4%, respectively and resulted in low quality of naturalness. 4. Physical and chemical properties of soil were pour at high elevation and were poor severely in and around the Namgosa due to human disturbance. 5. Plant community were under rapid succession and had unvalanced structure and heterogeneous composition of species. Rapid vegetational succession from Pinus densiflora and Pf. rigida to Carpinus laxifora, Quercus spp. and Robinina pseudo-acacia were taken place.6. The speeies of Raunkiaer's frequency class I as of high frequency class were Pinus dunsiflora, Carpinus alxiflora, Quercus mmongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunrs sargintii, Rhododendron yedoense, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza maxinowiczii. 7. Vegetational management proposals were made for three vegetation zones ; Historic landscape restoration and preservation zone, Afforested vegetation zone, Native vegetation conservation zone and recommanded native species for landcape planting.