• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2011

The forest of Korea had been severely degraded since early 1900s until 1950s. Korean Government has successfully accomplished the reforestation works since 1960s. However, some plantations showed poor survival and growth caused by ignoring site characteristics in selecting plantation species and lack of tending works such as thinning. The natural regeneration of indigenous species, such as Quercus species and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., were examined in the plantations of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Larix kaempferi Fortune ex Gordon. Quercus species regenerated mainly by sprouting while P. densiflora regenerated naturally from a few mother trees that remained in the plantations. P. koraiensis showed poor survival ($IVI{\leq}25%$) and suppressed growth (height ${\leq}3m$ and $DBH{\leq}3cm$ at 20 year-old) by Quercus species or P. densiflora in the plantation areas, however had high survival ($IVI{\geq}70%$) and growth (8 m height and 14.1 cm DBH at 20 year-old) in areas where silvicultural practices were conducted. L. kaempferi showed good survival ($IVI{\geq}40%$) and growth (17.2 m height and 16.3 cm DBH at 30 year-old) mostly in valley areas, while it was nearly dead ($IVI{\leq}10%$) in ridge or ridge-slope areas and was replaced by indigenous species such as Quercus species ($IVI{\geq}25{\sim}55%$) or P. densiflora ($IVI{\geq}18{\sim}50%$).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.8-25
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• 2020

Background: Species of the genera Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus are the most widely planted tree species in the country in general and in Chilimo dry Afromontane forest in particular. Eucalyptus covers 90% of the total planted forest area in the country. However, only limited information exists in the country regarding aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), growth, and yield. This study was conducted to assess the variables on 25 and 30 years of age for three planted species: Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus saligna, and Pinus patula in Chilimo plantation forest, in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A two-times inventory was conducted in 2012 and 2017. A total of nine square sampled plots of 400 ㎡ each, three plots under Cupressus lusitanica, 3 Eucalyptus saligna, and 3 Pinus patula were used for data collection. Data on height, diameter, soil, and tree stumps were collected. Percent C, % N, and bulk density was performed following chemical procedure. Results: The aboveground biomass ranged from 125.76 to 228.67 t C ha^-1 and the basal area and number of stems from 3.76 to 25.50 ㎡ ha^-1 and 483 to 1175 N ha^-1, respectively. The mean annual basal area and volume increment were between 0.97 and 1.20 ㎡ ha^-1 year^-1 and 10.79 and 16.22 ㎥ ha^-1 year^-1. Both carbon and nitrogen stock of the planted forest was non-significant among the tree species. Conclusion: The aboveground biomass, growth, and yield significantly varied among the species. Cupressus lusitanica had the highest aboveground biomass, volume, and basal area, while Eucalyptus saligna had the lowest value. To a depth of 1 m, total carbon stored ranged from 130.13 to 234.26 t C ha^-1. The total annual carbon sequestration potential was 12,575.18 t CO₂ eq. Eucalyptus has the highest carbon stock density and growth rate than other species.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.406-411
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• 2012

완도지역의 대표적인 상록활엽수림인 붉가시나무림, 낙엽성 참나무류림인 상수리나무림, 인공림인 약 30년생 리기다소나무림 등 3개 유형 임상의 구조 및 동태를 파악하기 위하여 임상별로 10개 조사구를 설정하여 산림개황, 중요치, 종다양성, 직경분포 등을 조사분석하였다. 붉가시나무림, 상수리나무림, 리기다소나무림의 교목층 밀도는 각각 2,250본/ha, 760본/ha, 1,560본/ha이었으며, 평균흉고직경은 각각 12.1cm, 14.3cm, 14.1cm이었다. 교목층과 아교목층 흉고단면적의 합은 붉가시나무림이 $37.1m^2/ha$, 상수리나무림이 $19.0m^2/ha$, 리기다소나무림이 $29.2m^2/ha$이었다. 중요치를 분석한 결과 동백나무는 붉가시나무림, 상수리나무림, 리기다소나무림의 아교목층과 관목층에서 모두 제1의 우점종이었다. 임분 전체의 종다양도는 붉가시나무림이 0.814, 상수리나무림이 0.956, 리기다소나무림이 0.866이었다. 붉가시나무림의 임분 전체 종다양도가 비교적 낮은 것은 출현종수는 비슷하였으나 균재도가 낮기 때문이었다. 붉가시나무림은 붉가시나무-동백나무 복층림이 지속될 것으로 추정되었다. 상수리나무림은 동백나무 우점군집으로 천이가 진행될 것으로 추정되었으며, 리기다소나무림은 붉가시나무-동백나무 복층림으로 천이가 진행될 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.42-50
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• 1984

리기다소나무와 리기테다소나무의 유시(幼時) 및 가계간(家系間)의 생장능력(生長能力)을 예측(豫測)하기 위하여 2년생(年生) 묘목(苗木)을 대상(對象)으로 생장(生長), 광합성능력(光合成能力) 그리고 순동화율(純同化率)을 조사(調査) 비교(比較)하였다. 리기다소나무와 리기테다소나무 모두 순동화율(純同化率)과 광합성능력(光合成能力)의 유전적(遺傳的) 변이(變異)를 볼 수 있었으며, 리기다소나무 3가계(家系)를 제외한 다른 모든 가계(家系)의 광합성능력(光合成能力)은 생장(生長)함에 따라 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였으며 순동화율(純同化率)은 모든 가계(家系)가 감소(減少)하였다. 모든 가계(家系)의 광합성능력(光合成能力)과 순동화율(純同化率)의 순서가 실험기간(實驗期間) 동안 일정하지 않아 어느 한 시기(時期)의 측정치(測定値)로 평가(評價)할 수 없으므로 총광합성(總光合成) 능력(能力)과 총순동화율(總純同化率)로 평가(評價)하였다. 총광합성능력(總光合成能力)과 총순동화율(總純同化率)은 총건중량(總乾重量)과 각각(各各) 0.6394, 0.7998의 상관(相關)을 나타냈다. 따라서 양수종(兩樹種)의 생장력(生長力)은 총광합성능력(總光合成能力)과 총순동화율(總純同化率)의 측정(測定)에 의해 예측(豫測)할 수 있었다. 리기테다소나무의 가계(家系) 경기(京畿) 13호(號) ${\times}7-107$과 리기다소나무의 가계(家系) 경기(京畿) 1호(號)가 수종내(樹種內)에서 가장 우수한 생장능력(生長能力)을 나타냈다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.138-142
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• 2007

Optical microscope was used to observe the difference of safranine penetration in Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi grown in Korea. It was found that Pinus koraiensis contained the highest number of ray parenchyma and ray tracheids. In longitudinal direction, latewood penetration was found higher than that of earlywood. The number of resin canals was found highest in Pinus koraiensis and lowest in Pinus rigida. The resin canal conducted safranine higher than longitudinal tracheids. In longitudinal direction, safranine diffused from longitudinal tracheid to ray parenchyma through the cross-field pits and from the longitudinal resin canal to ray parenchyma or longitudinal tracheid. Safranine diffused from longitudinal tracheid to its neighboring tracheid through bordered pit or ray parenchyma through the cross-field pits.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제20권
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• pp.49-60
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• 2018

대구 칠곡지구 일대 유적은 청동기시대 및 삼국시대 대규모 취락지가 확인된 고고학적 조사로 그 의의가 크다. 특히 대구 동천동 취락유적에서는 청동기시대 수혈주거지, 고상건물지, 석관묘, 우물, 집수기, 집석, 구상유구, 경작지, 환호, 하도 등의 유구가 확인되어 청동기시대 당시 취락의 전모를 알 수 있는 많은 자료가 조사되었다. 본 조사는 대구 동천동 취락유적 내 청동기시대 하도 유구 출토 목기 8점에 대한 수종분석 결과이다. 조사 결과, 침엽수재 수종인 소나무류(Pinus spp.)가 2점, 전나무속(Abies spp.) 수종이 2점, 활엽수재 수종인 상수리나무류(Quercus sp.)가 4점 식별되었다. 용도미상으로 분류된 3점의 목기는 소나무류와 전나무속 수종이였으며, 건축부재 5점은 소나무류가 1점, 상수리나무류가 4점이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제73권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1986

임목(林木)의 내염성(耐鹽性)을 검사(檢討)하기 위하여 우리나라 동해안(東海岸) 일부(一部) 삼림(森林)에 대한 수종분포(樹種分布)와 염분농도(鹽分濃度)의 관계(關係)를 조사(調査) 분석(分析)하였는데 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 아래와 같다. 1) 동해안(東海岸) 수종분포(樹種分布)의 주(主) 구성종(構成種)은 곰솔, 소나무, 해당화, 싸리, 족제비 싸리, 떡갈나무, 진달래, 아까시나무 등(等)이었다. 2) 정선(汀線)으로부터 내륙(內陸)쪽으로 들어오면서 200m까지는 곰솔이 우점종(優點種)을 이루고 있었고 해당화의 분포(分布)가 끝나는 지역(地域)이며, 200-300m 구간(區間)은 곰솔의 분포(分布)가 거의 끝나는 반면(反面) 소나무가 우점종(優點種)을 이루고 있었다. 3) 해발고(海拔高) 50m까지는 곰솔이 우점종(優點種)을 이루나 그 이상(以上)부터는 소나무가 우점종(優點種)을 이루고 있었다. 4) 토양중(土壤中)의 NaCl농도(濃度)는 정선(汀線)으로부터 내륙(內陸)쪽으로 멀어질수록, 해발고(海拔高)가 높아질수록, 토심(土深)이 얕을수록 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 5) pH는 정선(汀線)으로부터 내륙(內陸)쪽으로의 거리(距離)나 해발고(海拔高)의 차(差)에 따라 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었지만 표토(表土)와 심토(深土)(지하(地下) 50cm 깊이)의 pH 는 7.0과 6.5로 토심(土深)에 따라 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)가 있었다. 6) 곰솔은 토양(土壤)의 NaCl농도(濃度)가 100vpm 이상(以上)에서, 소나무는 100vpm 이하(以下)에서 분포밀도(分布密度)가 각각(各各) 증가(增加)함을 알 수 있었고, 해당화는 100vpm 이상(以上)에서만 분포(分布)를 볼 수 있었다. 7) 수체내(樹體內)의 NaCl농도(濃度)는 정선(汀線)으로부터 내륙(內陸)을 향(向)하여 들어오면서 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)으로 150m까지는 급감소(急減少)를 나타내었고 이후(以後)는 서서히 감소(減少)하였다. 수체내(樹體內)의 최대(最大) NaCl농도(濃度)는 엽(葉)이 600ppm, 지(枝)가 350ppm, 근(根)이 250ppm 정도(程度)였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.197-226
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• 2004

This study was made to identify species of archaeological wood products excavated from three sites(Kwunbuk-ni, Gungnamgi, Wanggung-ni) of Sabi Era, Baekje. These sitesare presumably considered as capital areas of Sabi Era, Baekje. Total of 220 specimens were identified into five softwoods and eighteen hardwoods. Pinus densiflora(or Pinusthunbergii) and Quercus spp. are the most common and occupied 32%, 28% of totalspecimen, respectively. The others are follows : Torreya nucifera(1%), Abiesholophylla(3%), Cryptomeria japonica(4%), Thuja spp.(2%), Chamaecyparisobutusa(2%), Salix spp.(1%), Platycarya strobilacea (3%), Alnus spp.(1%), Carpinusspp.(0.5%), Castanea crenata(9%), Zelkova serrata (6%), Celtis spp.(0.5%), Prunusspp.(2%), Rhus verniciflua(1%), Rhus trichocarpa(0.5%), Meliosma oldhamii(1%),Hovenia dulcis(1%), Kalopanax pictus(0.5%), Cornus walteri(0.5%), Styrax japonica(1%),Fraxinus rhynchophylla (0.5%), F. sieboldiana(1%).Most of the identified species have been growing in this area until nowadays. However,a few species(Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja spp. Chamaecyparis obutusa, Torreyanucifera) didn’t grow natively around this area at that time. Two species(Cryptomeriajaponica, Chamaecyparis obutusa) are endemic species of Japan, indicating international trade or exchange of woods between Baekje Kingdom and Japan in 6-7th century. Torreyanucifera grows in limited areas in Korea (south of $35^{\circ}$10′N), however, is widely distributed in the southern Japan. Quercus spp. was identified the most in implements of Baekje and Pinus densiflora(orPinus thunbergii) was in the second place. Zelkova serrata was mainly used for raw materials of turnery products, e.g., wooden container. This species produces one of the hardest woods as 0.7 in specific gravity. It indicates that iron technologies have reached some high level in Sabi Era, Beakje.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

Background: Over the years, pine pollens have been excluded as an allergen due to its relatively large size, low protein content, and waxy hydrophobic layer, despite their abundance. However, recent studies suggest the possibilities of pine pollens being allergens, and it has been reported that allergy symptoms were highly prevalent in areas with considerably large pine forests and high possibility of exposure to the pollen. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the allergenicities of the pollens from the dominant species of Korean pines, red pine (Pinus densiflora), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida), in mice. Methods: The protein composition of the pollens from the three pine species was compared via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pine pollens and proteins extracted from the pollens were introduced to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and application to exposed skin and the IgE produced by the mice were extracted from blood and analyzed via ELISA. Results: SDS-PAGE showed differing protein compositions of the pollens of the three pine species. Analysis of blood IgE compositions showed a similar amount of IgE produced when pollens were applied to skin. In contrast, when mice inhaled the pollens, P. densiflora was shown to induce significantly more IgE production than those of the other two species. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the pollens of all three South Korean pine species induce IgE production, and this production was more pronounced when the pollens were inhaled than when they were applied to the skin. Of the three species, the pollen of P. densiflora was found to induce the highest level of IgE production.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.84-94
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• 2012

We present the species and the dendrochronological dates of Korean traditional furniture in Forest Museum Collection of Korea National Arboretum. Seven of thirteen were successfully dated. Chest with a flap door (84-55-1) was dated A. D. 1623. Others dated were cabinet (83-41-1: A. D. 1759), Chest with a turnover door (83-39-1; A. D. 1801), Cabinet with two horizontal section (88-39; A. D. 1843), Rice chest (82-27-3; A. D. 1849), Cabinet with two horizontal section (83-40-2; A. D. 1877), Chest with a flap door (84-50; A. D. 1918). Most of existing cabinets were made in 1800s. The 84-55-1 chest was one of the earliest pieces of furniture in the collections of Korea museums. The furniture is usually composed one species. The major species was Pinus densiflora. Bedside cabinet (83-41-1) and Cabinet with two horizontal section (88-39) were made from Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis). Becasue they were dated by the tree-ring chronology of Mt. Bekdu, the timber of their boards could be from the area of Mt. Bekdu.