• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.278-281
• /
• 2001

Ecological measurement and biological environment of the Moak Provicial Park surveyed based on the habitat; deciduous broad leaved forest (Quercus mongolica variabilis-Pinus densiflora, Capinus tschonoskii, Quercus Mongolica, Quercus acutissima-Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis), coniferous forest (Pinus densiflora), plantation forest (Pinus rigida), and the other place (pond, lake, rice field, stream, and river). Totally, 1 orders, 4 families, 8 species of amphibians were found at Mt. Moak provincial park. Biodiversity indices of studied region were as follow; richness was 1.270, diversity was 1.775, and evenness was 0.853 in amphibians. 42.1% of amphibians were found in deciduous broad leaved forest, 11.3% in coniferous forest, 1.6% in plantation forest, and 45.0% in the other region.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 1989

Annual production and decomposition of litter were studied in piuns rigida platation in Mt. Kwan-ak. The peak time of litter production was October-November. The litterfalll at that time was 54% of annual litter production. But the peak time of litterfall of reproductive parts was Junejuly. The peak times of litter production in Alnus hirsuta plantation were June-July, and November. It is thought that difference of seasonal distribution of letterfall between two forest types were assigned to litter falling factors such as temperature and insects. Total amount of letter loss increased according to time. Particulary, the peak time of loss rate was July-August. It was shown that the protein and phosphorus were accumulated in the letter for an experimental period. The amount of crude protein increased to 150% of initial amount. The amount of potassium was increased by August and then decreased rapidly. The contents of crude fat, holocellulose, lignin, and Na were decreased slowly. The loss of holocellulose was the largiest among them. Calcium was in steady state. It was thought that this variation pattern was assigned to leaching of soluble parts by high temperature, rainfall and growth rate of microorganisms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.65 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1984

Susceptible trees of Pinus densiflora and resistant trees of Pinus rigida following pine gall midge (Tnecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) attack were seasonally compared to examine the variation in needle growth and photosynthetic ability, respiration rate, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Also, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of larvae both from soil and from galled tissue were compared during March and September, respectively. The plantation damaged severely by this insect consisted mostly of 10-to 15-year old P. rigida and P. densiflora. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1) The length of the infested needles of P. densiflora decreased by 48.1 percent compared with the normal needles, while that of P. rigida did 37.4 percent. 2) All of P. densiflora and P. rigida showed higher photosynthetic ability in normal needles than in infested needles. The maximum photosynthetic ability of P. densiflora was shown in mid-August, while that of P. rigida in mid-October. In contrast to that, respiration rate of infested needles was higher than that of normal needles in both species. The respiration rate of P. rigida was higher than that of P. densiflora. 3) P. rigida had higher total chlorophyll contents than P. densiflora. The total carotenoid contents tents in infested needles were higher than those in normal needles of both species. 4) Total carotenoid contents were generally higher in P. rigida than in P. densiflora during the growing season. The total carotenoid content (0.094mg/g) in larvae from soil was similar to that (0.092mg/g) in larvae from galled tissues. 5) Infested needles of both species showed higher anthocyanin contents than normal needles. Higher anthocyanin contents in galled needles were due primarily to its active formation stimulated by larval attack. Thus, reddish-brown coloration occurred only in galled needles of P. densiflora.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.94 no.5 s.162
• /
• pp.302-306
• /
• 2005

Litterfall and nutrient inputs were measured in even-aged coniferous plantations (a 31-year-old Pinus rigida and a 31-year-old Larix leptolepis) on a similar site condition in the Forest Practice Research Center, Gyeonggi Province. Litterfall was collected monthly from circular littertraps (collecting area: $0.50m^2$) for three years between April 1997 and February 2000. Average total annual litterfall was significantly higher for pine (5,802 kg/ha/yr) than for larch (4,562 kg/ha/yr) plantations. Needle litter in both plantations accounted for about 63% of total litterfall. Litterfall in the larch was distributed as follows: needle > other leaf > branch > miscellaneous > bark, while it was needle > miscellaneous > other leaf > branch > bark in the pine plantation. There was no temporal variation in needle litter, other leaf and bark during the 3 year study period. The concentrations of all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in needle litter were significantly higher in the larch than in the pine plantations. The annual nutrient concentration of needle litter in the larch varied among the years, whereas no year variation of needle litter was in the pine except for phosphorus (P). Nitrogen (N) and P inputs by needle litter were significantly higher for larch than for pine plantations established on a similar soil. The differences in N and P inputs were attributed to lower nutrient concentration in pine needle litter compared with larch needle litter, not to total needle litter mass. Annual inputs of nutrient in both plantations were not significantly different among years except for K of the larch although there was yearly different in needlefall mass and nutrient concentration during the 3-year observed period. The results indicate that the mechanisms of litterfall and nutrient inputs vary considerably between pine and larch plantations established on a similar site condition.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 1971

The sample stand of Pinus rigida plantation was chosen from those at the Choongnam Forest Experiment Station, Choongnam. The diameter at breast height (D) and the height of tree (H) of each tree in the sample plot of 200$m^2$ were measured yearly a from 1967 through 1969. The stand was 12.7-13.4cm in mean diameter and had a stand density of 2,150 trees per ha. The trunk, branches and leaves of each sample tree were separately weighed according to the stratified clip technique. The allometric relation between D2H and dry weight of trunk (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) were approximated by $$W_s=0.05917 (D^2H)^{0.837}$$ $$W_0=0.00655 (D^2H)^{0.989 }$$ $$W_l=0.04466(D^2H)^{0.690}$$ From the above, the standing crops in the sample stand was estimated to be as much as 76.7, 81.7 and 88.2 tons of dry matter, above ground, per ha in 1967, 1968 and 1969, respectively. Annual net production, as the sum of the biomass newly produced during one year, was estimated at 4.97-5.47 tons per ha per year. The respiratory and the photosynthetic rate deduced from theoretical calculations were 0.045 and 0.74kg of dry matter per kg per year. Tentative estimate of annual respiratory loss was made and annual gross production was roughly estimated at 4.4-4.7 and 10.7-12.9 tons of dry matter per ha per year. The ratio of respiratory loss to gross production was approximately 36-41:1.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.77 no.4
• /
• pp.382-388
• /
• 1988

Improvement of productivity by forest tree breeding work in Korea was estimated for a few important tree species. Progenies of 17 plus trees of red pine (Pines densiflora) outgrew by 57 percentage compared with progenies of unselected trees at age 15. If best three families are selected among the 17, more than double in volume grow-th is expected. The hybrid Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda showed more than double volume growth compare to P. rigida at a southern plantation at age 15. However, the superiority of the hybrid decreased at northern plantations, mainly because of low coldhardiness of the hybrid. At a northern plantation, the hybrid grew less than the P. rigida on upper hill, while the hybrid grew much better than the P. rigida on flat area. Another hybrid Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa grew faster than both parents by two to two and half times according to planting sites at age 10. Introduction of Pinus rigida also showed increased volume growth. Volume increase by selection of best five provenances among 45 at age 12 was estimated as 53 percent compare to progenies of plus trees in Korea, Additional 19 percent of volume increase was expected by selection of the best families within the best provenances. Annual production of chestnuts reached about 70,000 M/T by planting resistant clones to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), which killed almost all susceptible trees. Although polyploid trees and mutants have been produced by colchicine treatments in over 10 tree species, none of them is economically important Remarkable improvement of productivity is expected by biotechnology in future through selection, hybridization, introduction of foreign genes at cell, cell organelle and gene level, and gene transformation. At present, mass propagation of superior planting materials by tissue culture will increase the productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.88 no.2
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 1999

Aboveground biomass and nutrient contents of a 31-year-old pitch pine(Pinus rigida) and a 31-year-old Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) plantations were measured in the Chungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyunggi Province. Aboveground biomass was 170.2ton/ha in the pitch pine and 87.2ton/ha in the Japanese larch plantations. Aboveground biomass difference between both plantations was due to the difference of stand density. Aboveground biomass in both plantations was allocated as follows : stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. The concentrations of all nutrients(N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were generally higher in the Japanese larch needle than in the pitch pine because of high nutrient uptake characteristics of larch compared with pine tree species. The nutrient concentration in different tree tissues in both tree species decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood. Nutrient contents of aboveground biomass were : N, 335.9 ; P, 40.4 ; K, 121.4 ; Ca, 188.6 ; Mg, 93.8kg/ha in the pitch pine plantation, while nutrient contents in the Japanese larch plantation were : N, 226 ; P, 11.5 ; K, 72.9 ; Ca, 75.7 ; Mg, 37.1kg/ha. The nitrogen use efficiency calculated as the biomass produced by one unit of nitrogen was higher in the pitch pine than in the Japanese larch plantations. This result suggests that pine with high nitrogen use efficiency could be adapted in lower site productivity area compared with larch tree species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 1987

In Seoul metropolitan area, rockily denuded fores lands are widely distributed. Out of the rock-exposed hillslopes, Kwanak-Samsung mountains and Bookhan-Dobong mountains areas are the most severely eroded land at present To develope the rehabilitation measures for the rock-exposed hillslopes, it is essentially required that mechanisms of rock debris production and movement from the rock-exposed hillslopes should be studied. And also, suitable experiments for planting techniques should be practised at the field level. In this context, some experiments for the on-site fixation of the unstable stone-debris including plantation establishments on the rock-exposed hillslopes, have been carried out for 4 years from 1983 to 1986 at Kwanak mountain hillslopes. The results may be summarized as follows : 1) The soil environment-tolerable tree species for plantation extablishment on rock-exposed hillslopes include Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Forsythia koreana, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Alnus hirsuta and Pinus rigida. These trees have, however, been showed fairly good growth performence at the places having more than about 30cm of soul layer depth above rock-bed. 2) In raising of seedlings to plant on the rock-exposed hillslopes, containerized seedling practices knave been appeared as the most adoptable measures. 3) In fixation of the unstable stole debris-and-sands on the on-site of rock. exposed hillslopes, the stone-lined barrier measures are more effective at comparatively large-sized places of rock-exposed hillslopes while the stone-bowed barrier measures are more effective at small-sifted isolated sold-debris places. The stone-buttressed terraces measures are more effective at the soil-composed hillslopes rather than rock-exposed hillslopes.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.08a
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analyzing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5%), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for f01.2ha(22.8%), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4%), and others for 19.1ha(4.3%). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9% showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analy zing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha, of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5$\%$), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for 101.2ha(22.8$\%$), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4$\%$), and others for 19.1ha(4.3$\%$). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9$\%$ showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.