• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1992

The needles and pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were studied for their lipid contents and fatty acid composition. The total lipid contents in needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were 5.0 and 4.5%, whereas in pollen of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis 3.5 and 5.6%, respectively. Twenty-four fatty acids ranged from lauric acid to docosahexaenoic acid(22:6${\omega}$3) were identified in the needle lipids. In needles, linolenic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids. The needles of Pinus densiflora showed higher proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and 5-olefinic nonmethylene-interrupted polyenoic acids than those in the Pinus koraiensis. Twenty fatty acids ranged from myristic acid to lignoceric acid were identified in the pollen lipids. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the pollen followed by oleic and palmitic acid. The fatty acid profile of pollen of Pinus densiflora was similar to those of the Pinus koraiensis pollen lipids.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.206-210
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• 2014

Phytochemical constituents were isolated from Pinus koraiensis needles by open column chromatography. The structures isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of P. koraiensis needles were elucidated as afzelin (1) and quercitrin (2) on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including $^1H$-NMR and MS. The amounts of afzelin (1) and quercitrin (2) in genus Pinus were determined by HPLC/UV analysis. Afzelin (1) and quercitrin (2) contents were highest in P. thunbergii needles. Because P. thunbergii needles contain high amounts of afzelin (1) and quercitrin (2), they have promising potential as new additives to natural medicinal products, health supplements, and beverages.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate spectral characterisistics and chlorophyll contents of Pinus koraiensis needles in Gwangju-gun, Kyunggi-do. In spectrum analysis by each age, needle showed difference on 700∼1,100 nm(NIR : near infrared ray). Light reflexibility keeps constant between 1st year needle and 3rd year needle, current year needle's value was higher than others and that was higher for 400∼500 nm and 600∼700 nm at 550 nm. Transmission to needle's age showed the highest result in current year needle. It showed in order of current, 1st, 2nd and 3rd year needle at 550 nm and 750 nm. Especially, current year needles of Pinus koraiensis showed a tendency to change transmission coefficient in NIR. The result of transmission coefficient measurement by each position of slope showed in order of middle slope, upper slope and lower slope. But the gathered needle in middle slope made marked change at NIR. Chlorophyll a content of the upper slope's needles was higher than other 4 positions but a component ratio was lower. In needle of the oppressed tree, Chlorophyll a content was rather low than others. Chlorophyll a content by slope positions, the upper slope's needle showed a highest value(4.48 mg/g) and lower slope was lowest value(1.35 mg/g). Chlorophyll b content also showed a similar tendency to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll(a+b) contents.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1992

This study is to investigate the change of the seasonal patterns of relative water relations parameters by the pressure-volume curves in pinus koraiensis needles. The osmotic potentials at full water saturated(Ψ0, sat) and at incipient plasmolysis(Ψ0, tlp) increased in growing season, while decreased in non-growing season. The maximum bulk modulus of elasticity(Emax), relative water content(RWCTLP), and relativefree water content(FWCtlp) at incipient plasmolysis in non-growing season were higher than these of growing season. The maximum pressure potential(Ψp, max) varied from 1.16 to 2.18MPa, torgor index(TI) varied from 3.1 to 4.7. The osmole number(Ns/dw) and symplastic water (Vo/DW) were variable seasonally. The maximum water content(Vt/DW) and apoplastic water(AW) were relatively high in early growing stage, and then decreased to needle aging. The pressure potential(Ψp) and water potential(Ψ) in winter needles were rapidly decreased with decreasing of relative water content. The matric potential occupied over 10 percent of water potential with less than-2.0 MPa.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.266-271
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• 2011

Species of Phoma and its allies were isolated during a survey on the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with pine trees in Korea. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene sequences, two Phoma-like species from the needles of Pinus koraiensis were identified as Peyronellaea calorpreferens and P. glomerata. They were also morphologically identified based on the previous descriptions. Here, we report P. calorpreferens and P. glomerata being present in Korea as endophytic fungi in Pinus koraiensis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2024

In this study, functional substances with antibacterial properties were extracted from the needles of Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis, and optimized using the central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The optimal extraction conditions for Abies holophylla were an extraction temperature of 59.5 ℃ and an ethanol/ultrapure water volume ratio of 69.5 vol.%, resulting in an extraction yield of 13.5% and inhibition diameters of 11.6 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 9.3 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). For Pinus koraiensis, the optimal extraction conditions were an extraction temperature of 59.2 ℃ and an ethanol/ultrapure water volume ratio of 67.8 vol.%, resulting in an extraction yield of 4.8% and inhibition diameters of 7.9 mm against E. coli and 12.5 mm against S. aureus. The actual experimental results under these optimal conditions showed that an extraction yield from Abies holophylla needles was 13.0% and an inhibition diameter of 11.7 mm against E. coli and 9.2 mm against S. aureus, indicating an error rate of approximately ± 2.3%. For Pinus koraiensis needles, the extraction yield was 5.1%, with inhibition diameters of 7.5 mm against E. coli and 12.3 mm against S. aureus, indicating an error rate of ± 4.23%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.516-524
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• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

To examine the effects of water stress and Cenangium ferruginosum (CF) on the fungal endophytic community of needles of Pinus koraiensis (PK), fungal endophytes isolated from the needles of 5-year-old PK seedlings were compared before and after exposure to water stress conditions and artificial inoculation with CF ascospores. Artificial CF inoculation was successfully confirmed using PCR with CF-specific primers (CfF and CfR). For comparison of the degree of water deficit in water-stressed and control groups of PK seedlings infected with CF, the water saturation deficit and water potential were measured. Lower water potential estimates were found in the water-stressed seedlings than in the control group. The fungal endophytes isolated from the second-year needles of non-water-stressed seedlings before and after CF inoculation revealed that primary saprobes were approximately 30% and 71.7%, respectively, and the remaining endophytes were rot fungi or pathogens. Sixty days after CF inoculation, diverse fungal endophytes in the first-year needles were isolated from the water-stressed seedlings. However, some fungal endophytes isolated from the non-water-stressed seedlings were also identified. Fungal endophytes in the second-year needles of the water-stressed and non-water-stressed seedlings were approximately 8% and 71.7% of saprobes, respectively, and the remaining endophytes were rot fungi or pathogens. On the basis of the results, we conclude that water deficit and CF can have an effect on fungal endophytic communities in the needles of PK seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2010

This study has been carried out to estimate carbon contents in an average 40-years-old Pinus koraiensis plantations and an average 37-years-old Larix leptolepis plantations in Gongju, Chungnam Province. Average carbon concentration in stemwood, stembark, branches, needles, and root were 54.31% in Pinus koraiensis and 53.49% in Larix leptolepis stands. Carbon contents was estimated by the equation model logWt=A+BlogD where Wt is oven-dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total carbon contents was 103.38tC/ha in Pinus koraiensis stands and 96.59tC/ha in Larix leptolepis stands. Net primary carbon production was estimated at 8.79tC/ha/yr in Pinus koraiensis stands and 11.42tC/ha/yr in Larix leptolepis stands.