• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2002

Nail withdrawal tests were conducted on clear wood of domestic small diameter logs. Nails were driven into the cross and longitudinal sections of each specimen, then nail withdrawal tests were performed. Nail withdrawal loads are strongly dependent on the direction of nail positions. The average load values for the nail withdrawal both in cross section and longitudinal section are higher in high specific gravity (SG) wood of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) than those in low SG wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.). The average ratio of the nail withdrawal loads for side-grain and end-grain are higher in the low SG wood than that in the high SG of wood. Both linear and non-linear regression analyses were conducted on nail withdrawal load with SG, good correlations were obtained between nail withdrawal load and SG.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1970

Site-index curves for Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. grown in the middle part of Korea were developed from stem analysis data by a procedure of guide curve equation $Yt=K-ab^t$ (t=0, 1, 2, ${\cdots}{\cdots}$) and shown in Fig. 2. The stand density expressed as size-number criteria was calculated and the relation of number of tree per hectare and average DBH was presented in Fig. 3, in which soil fertility showed little effect. When this is compared to Reineke's density standards, the Pinus densiflora stand ranks high level of stocking density (Fig. 5). As a measure for estimating timber volume, the angle-summation technique revealed to result wider variation. Constructing hypothetical populations for appraising angle-summation technique, the significance of its application in silvicultural and ecological research are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1966

Taking an opportunity of the application of clearcutting method, 140 red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) trees grown at Chon-nam province, the southern part of South Korea, were fellen and the tree height, clear-bole length, D.B.H. diameter at base(0.2m above from the ground line) and the length of the longest branch were measured. The correlation between factors mentioned were analysed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The correlation between crown length and tree height (r=0.821) was sinificant. 2. The correlation between the diameter at base and D.B.H. was highly significant (r=0.961). D.B.H. can be calculated from multiplying the diameter at base by 0.88. 3. A weak relation between D.B.H and tree height was abserved. 4. The positive correlation between tree height and clear-bole-length was calculated, but it was not sharp between D.B.H. and the length of the longest branch. 5. The height, basal area, D.B.H. and volume increment by tree class calculated from the data of the stem analysis are presented (Tab. 3~10).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.87-89
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• 2003

Although a forest damage of large area due to air pollution has not yet been found in Korea, declines of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the most common coniferous species, have been locally reported. To evaluate the effect of air pollution and acid deposition on the forests, SO$_2$ concentration, acid load, soil pH and tree decline were monitored for 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan with the gradient of air pollution. During the study period, annual mean SO$_2$ concentration in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan were 14 ppb, 13 ppb and 6 ppb, respectively. Annual mean acid loads in Namsan and Doowang were three to four times more than that in Gyebangsan. As respected, forest surface soils in Namsan and Doowang were acidified to pH 4.1 and 4.3, whereas that in Gyebangsan showed normal value as pH 5.4. On the other hand, decline degrees of Korean red pines in Namsan and Doowang in both 1996 and 2001 were higher than those in Gyebangsan. It is reasonable that the severer tree declines in Namsan and Doowang could be closely related with the higher air pollution, acid load, and the effects (possibly Ca deficit and Al toxicity) of soil acidification.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.25
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• pp.155-170
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• 2004

Jonam mountain is located in Gung nam Hamangun gayaeup, and it is 139.4m above sea. Most of Haman area consists of hill and mountains and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc,Quercus acutissima Carruth, Quercus variabilis Bl, Quercus mongolica Fisch and Robiniapseudoacacia L are distributed. Sungsan mountain fortress wall is designated as a national historical spot 67th and our laboratory excavated and surveyed Sungsan mountain fortress wall from 1991 to 1994.Especially, we confirmed mud layer in 1992 and excavated wooden remains such as wooden strip with inscription and so on. Also, wooden strip with inscription and the wooden remains of the type which is various such as brush, knife, various club, vessel, awl were excavated in 2002.After classifying remains on the spot, they were washed. We found three pieces of wooden strip during washing, and three pieces of wooden strip during conservation processing. Also, we confirmed others. Until now, we have processed 8000 wooden remains, and we are processing about 1500wooden remains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 1998

To understand the effect of supplement of water extract of pine needle(WEPN) on shelf-life enhancement of the kimchi, activities of four enzymes and number of lactic acid bacteria, during fermentation of the kimchi, were assayed. Enzyme activities of kimchi fermented for 7 days with supplement by 2% water extract of pine needle showed amylase of 86.4%, protease of 85.8%, polygalacturonase of 61.5% and $\beta$-galactosidase of 58.8% against the control kimchi. WEPN showed weak inhibitory effect when it was applied to the isolated enzymes in vitro then those menifested by the kimchi in vivo. Number of total bacterial cell of WEPN supplemented kimchi increased by 10 folds than control between 7 to 14 days of fermentation. On contrast, number of lactic acid bacteria decreased maximaly to 21% of control by fermentation. The clear zone formed on paper disk by WEPN against L. plantarum was larger than that of Leu. mesenteroides.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.15-21
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• 2003

Image processing technique was adapted for exploring the more convenient ways to investigate the drying characteristics of wood. The acquisition of information about drying characteristics is indispensable for the development or improvement of dry-kiln schedules. A small internal fan type wood dry kiln was combined with image-processing and data-acquisition systems to monitor continuously the formation of checks and moisture reduction during drying. All the images and data were analyzed to improve or estimate the dry-kiln schedules and predict the drying time which would be required to dry green wood to 10% moisture content in internal fan type kiln. Samples of 20 mm- and 50 mm-thick Metasequoia glyptostrobodies, Paulownia coreana Uyeki, Pinus densiflora Sieb. Et Zucc., Platanus occidentalis L., Quercus acutissima and Robinia pseudo-acacia were used to verify the potentiality of this technique.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

This investigation involves a study of the physical and chemical factors of Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. and Quercus mongolica Fisher barks affecting on the adsorption of heavy mteal ions. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. The capacity of the untreated bark to remove the Cu and Cd from solution was similar to or 5% higher than that of formaldehyde treated bark in both species. Considering that untreated bark lead to color-leaching problem, bark treated with formaldehyde are economical. 2. With decreasing particle size of bark(20-80), the adsorption ratio of the Cu and Cd from solution was increased. Quercus bark adsorbed more Cu and Cd at smaller particle size compared to Pinus bark. 3. The heavy metal eqilibrium adsorption of the bark from Cu and Cd solution was attained within 10 min. Pinus bark removed about 48% of the Cu and 41% of the Cd from solution in 10 min while Quercus bark removed about 50% during that period. 4. As the initial metal concentration increased. the absolute metal uptake was increased while percentage removal was decreased. At the lower metal concentration (10 ppm). Pinus and Quercus barks removed 77-94% of the Cu and 72-84% of the Cd. At high metal concentration (200 ppm), the adsorption ratio was 40% Cu and 25% Cd, respectivelty. 5. The maximum adsorption of the Cu and Cd from solution was obtained at pH 5-6 in filtrate. 6. With increased bark weight per given metal concentration, absolute removal of metal ion from solution was increased, but the percentage removal was decreased. The amount of adsorption was 4.2 mg Cu and 4.2 mg Cd per gr. Pinus, bark and 5.4 mg Cu and 4.3 mg Cd per gr. Quercus bark, respectively.