• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate spectral characterisistics and chlorophyll contents of Pinus koraiensis needles in Gwangju-gun, Kyunggi-do. In spectrum analysis by each age, needle showed difference on 700∼1,100 nm(NIR : near infrared ray). Light reflexibility keeps constant between 1st year needle and 3rd year needle, current year needle's value was higher than others and that was higher for 400∼500 nm and 600∼700 nm at 550 nm. Transmission to needle's age showed the highest result in current year needle. It showed in order of current, 1st, 2nd and 3rd year needle at 550 nm and 750 nm. Especially, current year needles of Pinus koraiensis showed a tendency to change transmission coefficient in NIR. The result of transmission coefficient measurement by each position of slope showed in order of middle slope, upper slope and lower slope. But the gathered needle in middle slope made marked change at NIR. Chlorophyll a content of the upper slope's needles was higher than other 4 positions but a component ratio was lower. In needle of the oppressed tree, Chlorophyll a content was rather low than others. Chlorophyll a content by slope positions, the upper slope's needle showed a highest value(4.48 mg/g) and lower slope was lowest value(1.35 mg/g). Chlorophyll b content also showed a similar tendency to chlorophyll a and chlorophyll(a+b) contents.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-9
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• 2012

The exhaustion of fuel and tremendous greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the sharp increase in the use of fossil fuel. Especially, accounting for over 25% of carbon dioxide emissions, Construction is main environmental problem. So, in this study, we applied network analysis in the selection of spoil-bank to reinforce the GIS to decrease carbon dioxide emissions in construction sites. As a result, we could calculate the expected carbon dioxide emission and transportation cost of the proposed sites by the shortest distance and the least amount of time. We found that if spoil-bank is chosen based on the result, carbon dioxide emissions will be decreased as much as we plant a pine tree. We can also decrease largely by considering and applying complex causes which affect carbon dioxide emissions in construction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.552-562
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides are the unique and bioactive components in ginseng. Ginsenosides are affected by the growing environment and conditions. In New Zealand (NZ), Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) is grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy with an open-field forest environment. There is no thorough analysis reported about NZ-grown ginseng. Methods: Ginsenosides from NZ-grown P. ginseng in different parts (main root, fine root, rhizome, stem, and leaf) with different ages (6, 12, 13, and 14 years) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction and characterized by Liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-one ginsenosides in these samples were accurately quantified and relatively quantified with 13 ginsenoside standards. Results: All compounds were separated in 40 min, and a total of 102 ginsenosides were identified by matching MS spectra data with 23 standard references or published known ginsenosides from P. ginseng. The quantitative results showed that the total content of ginsenosides in various parts of P. ginseng varied, which was not obviously dependent on age. In the underground parts, the 13-year-old ginseng root contained more abundant ginsenosides among tested ginseng samples, whereas in the aboveground parts, the greatest amount of ginsenosides was from the 14-year-old sample. In addition, the amount of ginsenosides is higher in the leaf and fine root and much lower in the stem than in the other parts of P. ginseng. Conclusion: This study provides the first-ever comprehensive report on NZ-grown wild simulated P. ginseng.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1819-1825
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• 2008

Degradation and glucose production from wood chips of white pine (Pinus strobus) and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) by several white rot fungi were investigated. The highest weight losses from 4 g of wood chips of P. strobus and L. tulipifera by the fungal degradation on yeast extract-malt extract-glucose agar medium were 38% of Irpex lacteus and 93.7% of Trametes versicolor MrP 1 after 90 days, respectively. When 4 g of wood chips of P. strobus and L. tulipifera biodegraded for 30 days were treated with cellulase, glucose was recovered at the highest values of 106 mg/g degraded wood by I. lacteus and 450 mg/g degraded wood by T. versicolor. The weight loss of 10 g of wood chip of L. tulipifera by T. versicolor on the nutrient non-added agar under the nonsterile conditions was 35% during 7 weeks of incubation, and the cumulative amount of glucose produced during this period was 239 mg without cellulase treatment. The activities of ligninolytic enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase) of fungi tested did not show a high correlation with degradation of the wood chips and subsequent glucose formation. These results suggest that the selection of proper wood species and fungal strain and optimization of glucose recovery are all necessary for the fungal pretreatment of woody biomass as a carbon substrate.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.132-141
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• 2017

The importance of forests continues to increase throughout the world, and one of the reasons is that a forest is a major place to emit terpenes, which have been reported to be beneficial to human health. In South Korea, forests occupy about 64% of the total land area and consist mainly of pine and oak trees. Since only a limited number of forests have been analyzed to date, a comprehensive understanding of terpenes emitted from regional forests remains in its infancy in Korea. Here, to gain insights into terpenes from regional forests located in South Korea, we review the characteristics of Korean forests and recent studies on major terpenes emitted from regional forests as well as from native trees dominant in South Korea. We also discuss meteorological factors that affect the terpene emissions in Korean forests. In conclusion, 18 types of terpenes were detected in Korean forests and their compositions in different forests are largely dependent on the dominant plant species in the forest. Moreover, terpene emissions in Korean forests are affected by various environmental factors, including temperature, amount and duration of daylight, season, and age of trees. To improve the understanding of the characteristics of terpene distribution, more studies are required on the terpene production of Korean forests in various regions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2006

This study was conducted to obtain the fundamental data for the ecological management in the Pinus koraiensis natural forest in Seoraksan National Park. The community types of the P. koraiensis forest were divided into Ainsliaea acerifolia group and Rhododendron schlippenbachii group. A. acerifolia group was subdivided into Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes subgroup and Calamagrostis arundinacea subgroup. The importance value of major species showed higher value in the order like Pinus koraienses, Abies nephrolepis, Acer barbinerve, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Sorbus commixta and Quercus mongolica. The value of species diversify ranged from 0.44 to 0.86, and showed stronger competition in the interspecific association than in the intraspecific one. The number of individuals of P. koraiensis below 10 centimeters in the 15 study sites was 35, and it was considered that the population of P. koraiensis could be succeeded to the other species in the present situation because of lower frequency in the low layer though the canopy of tree layer was dominated with P. koraiensis. The radial growth patterns of P. koraiensis individuals were mainly fluctuated for the entire life time, which was considered to be caused by frequent disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.355-367
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• 1994

This study aims at exploring the nature of the traditional Korean wines brewed throughout the Southern Region of Korea-Chulla-do, Kyungsang-do and Cheju-do describing their varieties and brewing methods and also comparing the similarities and differences of their features. When compared with the wines produced in the Central Region, the Southern varieties are very fastidious and complex in their brewing methods, which in turn show a wide range of diversity. First of all, all the 29 kinds of wines investigated, not a single one shows any resemblance to any one of the remaining, each exhibiting peculiar and particular characteristic features of its own. Especially, the distilling methods demonstrate very complex processes. Secondly, the majority of the Southern spirits are made from grains, added with fragrant flavor of pine tree, wormwood, chrysanthemum leaves and other medicine herbs such as Chinese matrimony vine and tankui. Thirdly, they are brewed with yeast made from wheat into kodupap(steamed rice) type of spirits, emerging as in the form of blended liquor. Fourthly, in brewing, different fermenting temperature and duration are required. Typewise, the temperature required for the basic spirit is $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C\;or\;25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ : in the case of blended secondarily fermented liquor, from the minimum of $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ to the maximum of $75{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. The brewing duration is $3{\sim}5$ days for the basic spirits. In some cases, from the minimum of 3 days to the maximum of 100 days are consumed for fermenting. Fifthly, the wine extraction gadgets are yongsu (wine strainer), the sieve, filter paper, Korean traditional paper, the utilization of which implies that the brewers endeavor to observe and preserve the traditional and indigenous methods of wine making.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.240-244
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• 2004

The objective of this research was to develop the adsorbent far heavy metals by activating the bark sample. Barks from pine tree with diameters of $2{\sim}4\;mm$ were activated in the muffle furnace under a high relative humidity condition at temperatures of $600{\sim}900^{\circ}C$. The removal efficiency of the activated bark (ACTBARK) for Cu and Cd was temperature dependent showing the order of $900^{\circ}C$ > $800^{\circ}C$ > $700^{\circ}C$ > $600^{\circ}C$. The critical temperature was considered to be $900^{\circ}C$ to become an efficient adsorbent for Cu and Cd. The bark samples activated at temperatures lower than $700^{\circ}C$ showed a less removal efficiency than the crude bark. The ACTBARK activated at $900^{\circ}C$ removed more Cu and Cd from solution than the commercial activated carbon and charcoal. The ACTBARK (activated at $900^{\circ}C$) adsorbed all of the Cu and Cd in solution with concentrations less than 150 mg/L. The selectivity of the ACTBARK was in the order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Fe > Cd > Mn.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 1993

Mulberry grafting season in normally a one month period starting at the end of March. Such a short period creates a shortage of qualified grafters and inflates wages. Pine tree sawdust was tested as a medium in which to preserve graftages. Sawdust was moistened to two ratios of water to dry weight of sawdust (1.5 and 2.0). Scions were either grafted the same day they were collected or first incubated for 10days at 15$^{\circ}C$. Grafting period could be extended to the middle of February under 1.5 times moisture content and fresh scions. Preservation of scions increased water content, T-N, P2O5, CaO and inositol, whereas decreased total C, glucose and fructose. With no preservation total C decreased, inositol increased slightly early March followed sharp decrease, and sucrose increased with time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.405-417
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• 2019

We analyzed the profitability of Korea's forestry by evaluating stumpage prices of the main economic tree species. Stumpage prices are evaluated with a market value formula, subtracting logging and transporting costs from market prices of logs. If trees are sold at the current cutting age, the stumpage price of larch is about 4.5 million KRW per hectare and that of Korean pine is about 3.7 million KRW per hectare. The stumpage prices do not cover reforestation cost, which is about 6.1 million KRW per hectare. If government subsidies did not support the cost of reforestation and silviculture, there would be no profits at all. The cost of forestry is very high in terms of planting and silviculture. In the future, the prices of logs are not predicted to rise and the wages for labor are not predicted to fall. Without reforming the current forestry regime, Korean forestry is, thus, not sustainable. Therefore, low-cost forestry efforts like natural regeneration should be adopted to make forestry viable. Investments in forestry infrastructure like forest roads are also required to decrease the timber logging and transporting costs.