• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.553-558
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• 2010

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in rodents population densities between natural restored and red pine silvicultured forests after forest fire in Samcheok, Gangwon Province, Korea from March to December 2008. One ha size of 3 study plots were set up in each natural restored and silvicultured stand. We trapped the small rodents during 4 consecutive nights every 2 months in each stand. Understory coverage and number of shrub stems were higher in silvicultured stand than in natural restored stand. Coverage of overstory, suboverstory and midstory, number of tree stem, woody seedling stems and dead wood, and amount of coarse woody debris were higher in natural restored stand than in silvicultured stand. Six hundred eighty eight individuals of four species, such as Apodemus agrarius, A. peninsulae, Eothenomys regulus and Tamias sibiricus were captured in our study. Number of captured small rodents were higher in natural restored stand than in silvicultured stand. Also, species compositions were differed in both stands. The captured number of A. agrarius and A. peninsulae were most highest in April and December. E. regulus were shown higher number of captured in April and June, and T. sibiricus were in June and October. Removal of coarse woody debris and silvicultural practice would not be good for the inhabitation of small rodents. For the conservation of small rodents diversity, management of understory and canopy would be needed in forest fired area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.5-38
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• 2006

Although in Korea there are only three examples of wooden coffins being found in burial mounds - from the Daho-ri, Songhyun-dong, and Munyung tombs, in Japan data on the shape and structure of wooden coffins from the Gofun era is relatively abundant. The wooden coffins of the Gofun era of Japan can be classified into either the dugout log style or the combined boards style according to their method of manufacture. They can also be divided by shape, into such categories as the boat shape, the split bamboo shape, the box shape, and so on. The box shape category can be further divided into the assembled type and the nailed type, according to how the boards are put together. Japanese Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verticillata) was favored as coffin-wood in all ages, but during the later Gofun era easily obtained woods such as the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) or the Hinoki Falsecypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were also used. The coffins found at Daho-ri and Songhyun-dong are similar to the Japanese dugout log style in shape and manufacture, while the king's and queen's coffins excavated at Munyung Tomb are seen to have had direct influence on the appearance of nailed coffins Japan. The coffin in Songhyun-dong 7th mound was originally a dugout log boat. It was probably used for practical reasons such as the bugproof, anti-corrosion qualities of camphor wood, not because of ideological reasons such as in a boat burial (in which the boat takes the deceased to the after world). Because the Changnyong region is inland, where camphor trees do not grow, using an already existing boat may have been the only way to procure a camphor-wood coffin. From historical circumstances, it may be inferred that the camphor trees were imported into Korea from Japan, between which there was much cultural exchange.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1988

Improvement of productivity by forest tree breeding work in Korea was estimated for a few important tree species. Progenies of 17 plus trees of red pine (Pines densiflora) outgrew by 57 percentage compared with progenies of unselected trees at age 15. If best three families are selected among the 17, more than double in volume grow-th is expected. The hybrid Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda showed more than double volume growth compare to P. rigida at a southern plantation at age 15. However, the superiority of the hybrid decreased at northern plantations, mainly because of low coldhardiness of the hybrid. At a northern plantation, the hybrid grew less than the P. rigida on upper hill, while the hybrid grew much better than the P. rigida on flat area. Another hybrid Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa grew faster than both parents by two to two and half times according to planting sites at age 10. Introduction of Pinus rigida also showed increased volume growth. Volume increase by selection of best five provenances among 45 at age 12 was estimated as 53 percent compare to progenies of plus trees in Korea, Additional 19 percent of volume increase was expected by selection of the best families within the best provenances. Annual production of chestnuts reached about 70,000 M/T by planting resistant clones to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), which killed almost all susceptible trees. Although polyploid trees and mutants have been produced by colchicine treatments in over 10 tree species, none of them is economically important Remarkable improvement of productivity is expected by biotechnology in future through selection, hybridization, introduction of foreign genes at cell, cell organelle and gene level, and gene transformation. At present, mass propagation of superior planting materials by tissue culture will increase the productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.4
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• pp.536-542
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• 2000

A linkage map for Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) was constructed on the basis of two DNA marker systems of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and inter-simple sequence repeats (I-SSR). Haploid genomic DNAs were extracted from megagametophyte tissues of 96 individual seeds in a single tree. A total of 98 DNA markers including 52 RAPD markers amplified by 25 primers and 46 I-SSR markers amplified by 18 primers were verified as Mendelian loci showing 1 : 1 segregation in 96 megagametophytes which were ${\chi}^2$-tested at 5% significance level. Of them, 63 segregating loci turned out to be linked into 20 linkage groups by the two-point analysis. However, 35 loci (17 RAPD and 18 I-SSR) of the 98 segregating loci did not coalesced into any linkage groups at a LOD of 3.0. The linked 63 loci were separated by an average distance of about 25.5 cM, which were spanned 1097.8 cM as a whole. The minimum and maximum map distances of the linkage groups were 4.3 cM and 54.9 cM, respectively. Incorporation of I-SSR loi into linkage map of RAPD loci resulted in extended and partially more saturated linkage blocks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the effects of shading and leaf mold treatment on growth characteristics and photosynthesis responses of Peucedanum japonicum in forest farming. It is very valuable as a sort of health food, so that the demand for the vegetable has increased recently. The experiment can not only increase the yield but also contribute to the development of eco-friendly technology for high-quality P. japonicum. It was performed by shading treatments (full sunlight, 35%, 50% and 75% shading) and leaf mold treatments (control, pine tree and chestnut tree). Height, stem diameter, root collar diameter, number of stem and dry weight were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under full sunlight. Leaf area, leaf length and leaf width were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under 35% shading. Photosynthetic rate, conductance to $H_2O$, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under full sunlight. Specially, photosynthetic rate was higher under chestnut-leaf mold in all shading treatment, and getting lower in the higher shading rate. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that P. japonicum grows nicely by maintaining 35% shading under chestnutleaf mold in forest farming. Thus, it is the most effective way to increase the yield for high-quality P. japonicum with eco-friendly technology.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

The quality of wood is largely depend on the characteristics of xylem tissue and their variation. They may include tracheid length, microfibril angle, distribution and amount of resin canal, as well as specific gravity as indicator of material properties. In this study, variation of these elements between and within 30 superior families of Pinus densifloa in progeny test forest were examined and the results are as follows; In terms of elongation ratio of tracheid length which is less than 1%, the sample tree showed a transition to matured wood after 13 years particularly in Kangwon 25, 30, 90, 56 and Chungnam 4 families. The average specific gravity were from 0.35 to 0.49, and differences between the families were significant. Number of transverse resin canal per unit area were also found to be significant between the families. The microfibril angles measured at 15th ring number ranged from 0.9 degree to 28.6 degree. More studies are necessary to tell whether these variation is inherited by genetic or individual characteristic. However it would be desirable that these elements be considered as key elements in the early stage of selection process of superior tree to ensure good quality of wood production in future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.81-101
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• 1995

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology, a recent approach in molecular genetics, is much usable to select the elite trees and to maximize the genetic gain in forest tree breeding program, providing a clue to determine the genetic marker-trait correlation. This review intorduces research on bark thickness and breeding strategy in Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea and their hybrid by Queensland Forest Service and ForBio Research Pty Ltd, University of Queensland, which employ RAPD technology. Genetic linkage map of $F_1$ hybrids includes 186 RAPD markers and 16 linkage groups (1641 cM long in total) and 6 quantitative trait loci are located putatively for bark thickness. Following recent research results and experiences in pine breeding programs, the forseeable stages in the application and development are proposed for marker assisted selectin; stage 1-determination of species specific markers for genes controlling traits of commercial interest, and stage 2-determination of marker-allele association for specific allelic variants within pure species. As pines inherit their megagametophytes from the seed parent and zygotic embryos from both male and female parents, the determination of marker-trait correlation is possible even in embryo stage, eventually making ways for the early selection of elite individuals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 1999

To improve nut production and timber quality in a plantation, crown shape controls were suggested for Korean white pines (Pinus koraiensis) under age class III through the analyses of the crown shape controls for seed orchard trees in several species, of crown status of controlled and uncontrolled trees in a Korean white pine seed orchard, and of growth characteristics of plantation trees under age class III. For nut production from the small trees less than 8 m, modified leader type can be applied by cutting the central leader and all branches below 1 m and keeping 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node locating 1 m apart. Trees with a 4~8 m long trunk below the first living branch are shaped into trees for nut and timber production, which have a 4~8 m long knotless stem and a modified leader type crown with 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node at a distance of 1 m. Trees, showing the first living branch at or above 9 m from the surface, are pruned severely for timber production and result in a central leader type containing two fifths of the initial crown. It is advisable to remove the leader and the branches when collecting cones or after/during October to take advantage of easy labor and little resin while cutting. After stem cut, branches showing apical dominance are to be cut to control height when necessary. The removal of the uppermost node may be needed to control the crown shape several years after the initial stem-cut.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2012

Patents in Korea, Japan and the U.S. were searched at the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS) of Korea Institute of Patent Information using related keywords in order to analyze the trend of patents on the usage of waste wood. Materials on a total of 77 patents in Korea, 317 patents in Japan, and 316 patents in the U.S. that had been registered as patents as of Dec. 31, 2011 were collected. Among the collected materials, the patents rejected, expired, annulled, withdrawn and waived as well as those which had little relationship with waste wood were excluded and the 71 patents in Korea, 227 patents in Japan and 216 patents in the U.S. were finally selected for analysis. In addition, the properties of the mortar which used waste wood as an alternative for a part of the fine aggregate were tested as a basic study for the usage of waste wood as a lightweight aggregate for concrete. For the test, the waste wood of the pine tree was crushed, sifted through No. 8(2.4 mm) sieve, and then dried for 24 hours at $100{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. As it is known that some kinds of tree prevent the hardening of cement when the wood is mixed with cement, the crushed waste wood in this study was dipped in the water of $20^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ and then dried up before testing the properties of the mortar to examine the effect of the preliminary treatment of crushed waste wood.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 1983

Cone and seed development after self-pollination in 14-year-old Pinus rigida Mill. was investigated in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard that consists of Pinus rigida Mill. and Pinus taeda L. in alternative rows. On an average, 83.8% of the self-pollinated receptive female strobili developed into cones. This value appears to be normal compared to cone development after open-pollination in other pine species such as in Pinus sylvestris L. However, there was a great variation in filled seed development after self-pollination among the investigated individual trees (Table 1-1). The 34.5%, a ratio of filled seeds after self-pollination was significantly lower than 91.7%, that by the open-pollination. Some of the investigated trees developed 70.0%-83.5% of filled seeds after self-pollination. Thus, those are not desirable as trees for seed parent in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards in future. A further study on the rate of filled seed development by various pollination systems consisting of self-pollination, self-and cross-pollination with intraspecific, mixed (tree's own and foreign pollens) pollens and cross-pollination with interspecific, mixed pollens of the two parental tree species is necessary to determine the quality of seed parent trees in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards.