• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.785-790
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• 2015

As an alternative to large-scale clear cutting silviculture, strip clear cutting (SC) is being considered as a system compatible with ecological conservation and forest regeneration. In South Korea, application and effectiveness of SCC in varying forest types were rarely found. In this study, under the subject of strip clear cutting lands of pinus densiflora forest at Samcheok, Gangwon-do Province, the developmental aspect of low vegetation prior to and after deforestation and the correlation between environmental factor and pine regeneration were analyzed. The cover rate of understory vegetation was appeared to be increased after deforestation and rapidly increased two years after deforestation, and it was evaluated to be affected by vigorous tree species and photophilic species. From the perspective of relative importance value, Quercus mongolica, Artemisia keiskeana, and Rubus crataegifolius that influence the cover rate showed the inclination of continuous growth. The diversity of species showed increment inclination as well due to introduction and settlement of early transient species. As a result of analyzing the correlation between vegetation and environmental factor and generation of pine tree size, the soil exposure rate, intensity of light, and canopy openness showed positive relationship, and the understory vegetation cover and woody debris cover rate showed negative relationship.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to analyze the flora and forest vegetation of trails with high visitor density at Molundae. Nine quadrats of $20{\times}20m$ were selected for the survey. The survey was conducted from April to October 2010. The obtained results are summarized as follows. Plot1, plot2, plot3, plot4, plot6, and plot7 were located at slopes of $5{\sim}20^{\circ}$, 17~40m above sea level, and were formed with the colony of Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl) and Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl)-white oak(Quercus aliena Blume). Tree layer had the height of 8~20m, and the coverage of 50~70%, while subtree layer had the height of 3-8m, and the coverage 30~80%. On the other hand, shrub layer had the height of 2~4m, and the coverage of 10~30%, and herb had the height of 0.2~1m and coverage 5~20%. Plot5, plot8, and plot9 were located at the summit areas of 57~78m above sea level, and $0^{\circ}$ slope. Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii Parl) formed a community there. Tree layer was 8~20m high, and covered 60~70%, of the area, and subtree layer was 6~8m high, and coverage 30~40%. Shrub layer had the height of 2~6m, and the coverage of 30%, while herb layer had the height 0.2~2m, and the coverage 20-80%. Succession does not occur in the surveyed areas which have high visitor density. Artificially planted sawtooth oak(Quercus acutissima) trees were found to disturb succession and formation of multi-layer vegetation, resulting in the ecologically unstable forest. Therefore, the researcher suggested the strategy of managing the vegetation in the conclusion. This study has the limit in that the plots selected for the survey reflected only part of various trails in the Molundae area. It is necessary to suggest the vegetation management plans by selecting more diverse trail areas in consideration of the visitor density and behaviors, and analyzing the changes in vegetation quantitatively in order to manage the vegetation in urban areas damaged by visitors more effectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Allometric equations for leaf, branch, stem and total above ground biomass of Pinus koraeinsis trees were developed with diameter at breast height(DBH) of trees, which were growing in a pine plantation with the stand density of 410 tree $ha^{-1}$ and the average DBH of $29.1{\pm}5.2$ cm in Mt. Taewha, Gyeonggi. Damage by Acantholyda parki reduced leaf biomass compared to other studies, however, its contribution to total biomass was minimal among parts. Comprehensive analysis revealed that constant in allometric equation for total above ground biomass (logY=a + blogX) was affected by average DBH and stand density, however, constant b was not. At the stand level, biomass for leaf, brach, stem, total above ground biomass were 6.68 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 18.82 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 101.02 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 126.53 Mg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. We developed a Korean pine stand biomass regression, which explained about 98% of variation with DBH and stand density based on comprehensive analysis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.17 no.3 s.36
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• pp.155-160
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• 1978

This experiment was carried out to develope a technique for labelling pine gall midge with ·radioactive phosphorus and calcium. This technique evolved would help to obtain basic information on the appropriate concentration of $^{32}P\; and\; ^{45}Ca$ in tagging and determination of adult flight ranges which considered as one of the factors in dissemination. 1. Labelling at the larval stage of pine gall midge by injection of $^{45}Ca$ into pine tree trunk appeared not to be effective for tagging the adults because radioactivity was gradually decreased to background by emergence. 2. The radioactivities of larvae in the galls gradually increased in September but from October 1 the activity was gradually decreased for 10 days then equilibrium was maintained thereafter. The results seem to indicate that larval diet termination occured early October. 3. A maximum level of radiation was detected at 3 weeks after $^{32}P$ injection and thereafter it was gradually reduced. This result implies that $^{32}P$ is not appropriate radioisotope in labelling pine gall midge through trunk injection method. 4. After washing in running water for 10 minutes, the optimum$^{32}P$ concentration for treated overwintered larvae and pupae was found to be 0.5 micro curie per ml. for 30 minutes dipping.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

In order to prevent the pine mushrooms, Tricholoma matsutake, from being damaged by the pine needle gall midges, Thecodiplosis japonensis, and thereby, to increase their production and improve their quality, a sprinkler system was installed on the mushroom field. A low-concentration insecticide (deltamethrin 1% EC, x2,000) was sprayed once at insects' most active time every day during the period of insects' adult occurrence and thereafter, the irrigation by ground water spraying was periodically enforced. Such a test was conducted at Yangyang-Gun, Kwangwon-do, Korea for 2 years from 2000 through 2001. The pine needle gall midges generally emerged for about 40 days from late May to early July. 50% emergence of them was about June 6, and peak emergence (more than 80%) was early or mid-June. Gall formation rate was 3.5% on average with this ground insecticide spraying, while 51.3% when not treated. Control effectiveness of this insecticide spraying was 92.3%, which was higher than 82.5% by the conventional injection of insecticide into tree stems. Pine mushrooms emerged for about 35 days from mid-September through earlier October, and around 80% of them did for about 15 days from late September through early October. As a result of the periodic ground water-spraying (30 mm per week) for 2 months (from August to October), the production of mushrooms increased by 74.3% (110% in terms of weight), with their quality improvement. The mushrooms produced from the treated stand by the spraying system were priced 8,670,000 wons per hectare, and thus, the net income deducting the facility and management cost was 4,310,000 wons, about 5% higher than value from the control stand. It was analyzed that this treatment was significantly cost effective when the facilities are used more than 5 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2024

In this study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing post-fire mortality in Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) using Cox's proportional hazards model and analyze the impact of these factors. We monitored the mortality rate of fire-damaged pine trees for seven years after a forest fire. Our survival analysis revealed that the risk of mortality increased with higher values of the delta normalized difference vegetation index (dNDVI), delat normalized burn ratio (dNBR), bark scorch index (BSI), bark scorch height (BSH) and slope. Conversely, the risk of mortality decreased with higher elevation, greater diameter at breast height (DBH), and higher value of delta moisture stress index (dMSI) (p < 0.01). Verification of the proportional hazards assumption for each variable showed that all factors, except slope aspect, were suitable for the model and significantly influenced fire occurrence. Among the variables, BSI caused the greatest change in the survival curves (p < 0.0001). The environmental change factors determined through remote sensing also significantly influenced the survival rates (p < 0.0001). These results will be useful in establishing restoration plans considering the potential mortality risk of Korean red pine after a forest fire.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2001

This paper investigated external factors (height. crown width. diameter breath height, clear length) of tree and electric resistance ($k{\Omega}$) in damaged forest by Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. The height. crown width and diameter breath height of tree external factors have high a coefficient of correlation. but clear length has not a coefficient of correlation. In relationship of electric resistance and external factor. big tree that height. crown width. diameter breath height has lower electric resistance value than that of small tree. (low electric resistance value is high tree vigor, high electric resistance value is low tree vigor)) Dead tree have smaller diameter breath height. crown width. higher clear length than survival tree in damaged forest by Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. To investigation of relationship external factors according to electric resistance value. electric resistance value was divided three class (< $l4k{\Omega}$, possible of survival. $14{\sim}20k{\Omega}$, > $20k{\Omega}$, possible of dead). In lower class(< $l4k{\Omega}$), external factors have bigger which was height. crown width. diameter breath height and lower which was clear length than them of higher class ($14{\sim}20k{\Omega}$, > $20k{\Omega}$). Linear regression solutions of electric resistance and external factors were Y = -0.572 ${\times}$ Height - 1.163 ${\times}$ crown width - 0.242 ${\times}$ diameter breath height + 0.757 ${\times}$ clear length + 25.765. Regression solutions were significant in 5%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2007

This study was undertaken to investigate the variation of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in transverse direction and three different directional (longitudinal, radial, and tangential) linear movements, and diffusion coefficients within a tree disc of Korean red pine (pinus densiflora). The EMC gradually increased in heartwood from pith. Therefore, the chemical components might differ even in heartwood and the radial variation in EMC might have a close relationship with the cellulose content within a cross section. The specific gravity increases gradually from pith and the porosity has not direct influence on the variation of EMC within a tree disk. Both the radial and tangential diffusion coefficients exhibited clear trend of increase from pith. The EMC change (${\Delta}EMC$) and tangential diffusion coefficient were close to be axisymmetrical but others were deviated from axisymmetry. The diffusion coefficient decreases with decreasing an activation energy and specific gravity, The diffusion coefficient increased with increasing ${\Delta}EMC$ and hygroscopicity of wood might be inversely proportional to the activation energy, The fJEMC may depend on the chemical constituents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. As the number of sorption sites and sorption capacity of wood increase, therefore, it might be assumed that the hygroscopicity of wood increases while activation energy decreases. Modeling physico-mechanical behavior of wood, the variations should be considered to improve the accuracy.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2012

In this study, we measured the Index of Greeness(I.O.G) and analyzed factors that affect in downtown street of Seoul. The aim of this article is to provide an ways of improving I.O.G, with an emphasis on accuracy of measurement. We utilized the autimatic measurment techniques proposed by Tonosaki to solve the problem of accuracy in measurement. The result is as follows : Firstly, the average I.O.G of Gwanghwamun Plaza is 15.76%, Jongno is 11.48% and Dasanro(from Yaksu station to Beotigogae station) is 6.36%. According to the comprehensive analysis in three reseach areas, it shows that I.O.G is intimately linked with planting method, species of trees and the presence of wall planting. Secondly, it was analyzed that grass and ground-cover planting promote I.O.G better than other method. The I.O.G of photo which contains grass is 45.47%. According to the comparative analysis between tree planting and multi-planting method, the presence of lower planting showed a difference about 8.77% of I.O.G.. From the persipective of I.O.G, tree planting with two lines is more effective than one. The difference of two ways is about 3.24%. Thirdly, it is an efficint way to use the wall planting or vertical planting in order to promote I.O.G.. In Dasanro, The I.O.G of photo which contains wall planting or vertical planting is 45.47% in contrast to the average of I.O.G. is 6.36%. Fourthly, the difference of I.O.G between broadleaf tree and needleleaf tree was larger than we thought. If look closely confined to this study, the I.O.G of street planted by Pine is 3.61% and Eastern Sycamore Family Bottonwood is 12.55%.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-38
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• 2006

During the repair and restoration of the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, species identification and tree-ring dating for both present wood elements and charred ones excavated under the Hall, were conducted. The species of 74 wood elements of Daewoongjeon Hall, were identified as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and only 1 was identified as exotic Pinus species. The latter wood, which was used in the laths, seems to have been replaced during past repairs. Many documentary records and various artifacts pertaining to Youngguksa Temple are being excavated, but none described precisely the construction date of the present Daewoongjeon Hall. Also, from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, cornerstone and foundation of previous building and several charred wood elements were excavated. In comparing the direction of the stone columns of foundation of the previous structure and the existing Daewoongjeon Hall, the previous structure was rotated in an angle of approximately $15^{\circ}$. Therefore, in order to find the association of the previous structure with the present Daewoongjeon Hall, tree-ring dating was conducted. The dating of 41 original timbers and 14 roof-filling timbers of the present construction elements revealed that the last annual ring was of A. D. 1703 with complete latewood, indicating that those woods was cut some time between the autumn of 1703 and spring of 1704, and the building was erected in 1704 when we assume no period of wood storage. The year of the last annual ring of the charred elements, which were excavated from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, was analyzed as 1674. The cutting year of the woods used for the present building began in 1698, therefore, it can be presumed that the Daewoongjeon Hall before the fire was a structure that was elected shortly after 1674 and that a catastrophic fire occurred some time between 1674 and 1698.