• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.646-651
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• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol and hot water extracts from different parts and essential oil in Pinus densiflora on skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epiermidis, S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The antimicrobial activities of extracts and essential oil were tested by paper disc assay and minimum inhibitory concentration test. The ethanol extract of pine pollen showed antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis and T. rubrum. Ethanol extract of pine needle and pine gnarl showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. Essential oil from pine needle exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol extracts of pine needle and pine gnarl against P. acnes and C. tropicalis ranged from 0.002% to 0.0063%. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.025%) against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was obtained from essential oil. These results indicate that ethanol extracts of pine pollen, pine needle, pine gnarl, and essential oil of pine needle could be applicable to control the skin infection pathogens. Especially, ethanol extract of pine gnarl had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and pine extracts and essential oil exhibited higher antimicrobial activity with Candida sp. and P acnes.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-194
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• 2001

Dried noodles was manufactured by wheat flour and saline solution mixture. At this time, saline solution mixture was used for simple saline solution and mixture(blending ratio of PNSO and emulsifier=2:1, w/w) of both pine needle seasoning oil (PNSO) manufactured by autoclaving method and food emulsifier. Water absorption ratio, volume expansion ratio and water soluble solid matters content were decreased, but cooking time was prolonged, respectively. According to, suitable treating amount of PNSO was 2-3%(w/w) level. On organoleptic test, the peculiar green color was appeared in cooked noodles of PNSO treating groups. The surface was slickly, chewy rheology and texture were improved at PNSO treating cooked noodle. During 20-30 minutes after cooking, chewy characteristics was maintained the treating groups more than PNSO 2%(w/w). At the result, this PNSO treatin dried noodle samples were suitable at the institutional food service as well as dining hal1 for the case of large scale's kitchen work.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.527-534
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extracts on lipid oxidation and free radical reaction in iron sources reacted with active oxygen species. The results were summarized as follow; the catalytic effects of active oxygen on lipid oxidation in oil emulsion tended to be showed $OH,\;H_2O_2\;and\;KO_2$ in order. At the same time, pine needle extracts itself were tended to be showed a little catalytic effects. Active oxygen scavenging ability of pine needle extracts didn't show, but pine needle extracts played role as a strong chelating agents to bind iron ion if $Fe^{2+}$ ion exist in oil emulsion. The content of $Fe^{2+}$ ion and total iron in CPNP were higher than those of HPNP and FPN. The content of ascorbic acid of FPN showed the highest (87.77 ppm) among several pine needle extracts. Electron donating ability of HPNP and CPNP were 81% and 78%, respectively, which were showed higher content than those of FPN. The SOD-like activity of HPNP showed 44.30%, compared to other pine needle extracts which means the most strong antioxidant reaction. The nitrite scavenging effects were tended to be different, depending on pH value as pH value was increased. Especially, they didn't show the nitrite scavenging effect in pH6.0.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.978-984
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological functionality of the hot water and 70% acetone extracts obtained from the pine needle and mugwort. Flavanol tannin content was above 60% of the total polyphenol in pine needle extracts. 70% Acetone extract from pine needle exhibited inhibition percentage of about 82.2% on the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1. Angiotensin I converting enzyme(ACE) inhibition activity was 61% and 50% in the hot water extract and in the 70% acetone extract respectively. Electron donating ability(EDA) of the hot water and 70% acetone extracts obtained from the pine needle was significantly good above 80%. 70% Acetone extract from pine needle showed inhibitary effect against the polyphenol oxidase(PPO) of water dropwort. The nitrite scavenging ability was appeared in all the extracts examined and it showed $80{\sim}90%$ at pH 3.0. The oxidative stability was determined by POV. Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction is better antioxidants than chloroform and butanol fractions in the soybean oil. Then, in the mugwort extracts, antimutagenicity of 70% acetone extract was similar to that of pine needle. Ratio of ACE inhibition activity was higher than that of pine needle extracts. EDA of hot water and 70% acetone extracts was 45%. Extracts from the mugwort were lower in nitrite scavenging ability about $20{\sim}30%$ than extracts from pine needle.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

The natural sources extracted from green tea and pine needle were utilized to investigate the effects of extracts on free radical reaction, lipid oxidation and nitrite scavenging ability. The degree of lipid oxidation is very sensitive to kinds of oil emulsion reacted with iron sources and oxygen species. The antioxidants of extracts from green tea and pine needle were different depending on concentration of extracts, which were a lower TBARS value in 0.3% extracts concentration, compared to 0.1% extracts concentration. And also, the binding ability on iron sources was superior in hot water extracts, but oxygen scavenging ability was the lowest TBARS values in ethanol extracts. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of green tea and pine needle extracts had a little low TBARS value in 0.1% and 0.3% extracts concentration in deoxyribose. The ethanol extracts of pine needle were higher than those of hot water extracts on the basis of Fe$\_$2+/ ion content. The ascorbic acid content of green tea showed 14.3 mg/100g in hot water extracts and 16.7 mg/100 g in ethanol extracts. Electron donating ability of extracts showed difference depending on extracts concentration, which were higher in ethanol extracts than those of hot water extracts. The nitrite scavenging effects were tended to be different depending on pH value, however they were decreased overall as pH value was increased. Especially, the nitrite scavenging ability of 0.3% extracts from green tea and pine needle were the mosts effective in pH 1.2 and pH 3.0, which were showed 95% nitrite scavenging ability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.75-84
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• 2004

Loess, PAC, MACF and plants were applied to the control of the phytoplankton bloom in laboratory and in field, In field experiment using oil fence, 5ppm concentration of coagulant(PAC) was observed to be effective in controlling the cyanobacterial bloom, resulting in 90% removal of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton from the water column, hi case of Synedra sp., however, only 50% of biomass decreased with the same PAC concentration. MACF(micro-air bubble coagulation and floating), a kind of physicochemical method, was applied to the column of the Kyongan stream and resulted in over 80% chlorophyll a and 73.5% TP removal, Chlorophyll a and total phosphorus were effectively removed from water body when 2.0 g/L of loess with the particle radius of 125 ${\mu}m$ was inputted. In case of experiments involving plants, big cone pine, gingko, and pine needle were observed to be effective in restraining phytoplankton bloom at 0.5g/200ml level. During a field test done at Kyungan stream, where Microcystis heavily occurred, Pine needle and big cone pine were observed to be effective on suppressing algal growth.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1995

The terpenoids are one of the secondary metabolities in Pinus species and functioned the protection them from insects or/and fungus etc. Since Pinus koraiensis has not any damage by Pine needle gall midge but Pinus densiflora has great injury by them in South Korea. It may great helf to find these reasons to analize their monoterpenenoids and to compare the seasonal variation of their amounts. Terpenoids were analized by GC, GC/MS. Some biogenetic analysis of terpenoids also was elucidated. The seasonal variation of terpenoid was distinguished at March and August and/or September. Most of major component of monoterpenes were increased or decreased in these periods in Pinus koraiensis. Especially 3-carene was showed significant variation between the period of physiological activity and the period of domain. The effect of infection by Pine needle gall midge was significant in Pinus densiflora for amount of monoterpene during the period of infection. The components of p-menthane series between Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis was recognized a significant difference during the experiment. Biogenetic cooccurrance of pmenthane series also was recognized between 3-carene and terpinolene in Pinus koraiensis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2013

The effect of phytoncide solution treatment on the browning and quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce during storage was studied. The treatments were applied as four solutions adjusted at $10^{\circ}C$: distilled water (DW) as the control; edible ethanol (EE); 1% (v/v) phytoncide essential oil from pine needle diluted with distilled water (DP); and 1% (v/v) phytoncide essential oil diluted with edible ethanol (EP). Fresh-cut lettuce was dipped in each solution for 60 sec, was rinsed with distilled water, was packaged with an OPP film bag, and was then stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. The EP group had a significantly high level of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and carbon dioxide, and low total bacteria counts, pH, and oxygen. The sensory score of color in the EP group recorded a high value, but the EE and EP groups recorded low scores in aroma and taste during the storage period. Alcohol and phytoncide were vaporized by opening the package for two hours, and the score of the aroma and taste of EP showed no differences from those of the other groups. Based on the above results, it was determined that the phytoncide essential oil diluted in edible alcohol with 1% solution inhibited the browning of and microbial growth in fresh-cut lettuce, and will be a useful natural compound in maintaining the quality of fresh-cut produce.