• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2002

While rice and corn were stored at room temperature for 90 days the degree of aflatoxin production was measured without humidity and temperature control. The amount of aflatoxin production of rice and corn after 30 days was 01.1 and 0.3 ppb, respectively. The degree of aflatoxin production increased rapidly with increasing storage temperature and humidity. The optimum conditions of aflatoxin production were 25 ∼30$\^{C}$ and 80% humidity. The degree of aflatoxin production in corn was higher than in rice under the same conditions. Rice and corn were treated with 0∼0.05%(w/w) of methyl alcohol (MeOH) extract and polyphenol (PP) group materials individually respectively under the optimum conditions. As the result, the inhibition effect of aflatoxin production increased with increasing the amount of treatment. It appeared as follows: catechin (CT)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.450-455
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• 1998

Pine has been known as a traditional medicinal plant and as showing a physically beneficial function to a human being. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the physiological activities of main pine neddles. Ethanol extracts from pinus needles did net exhibit any mutagenicity. On the contrary, inhibitory effects of ethanol extract were observed on mutagenicity induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indol (Trp-P-1) and benzo(a)pyrene $(B({\alpha})P)$ using Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. On direct-acting mutagen (MNNG, 4NQO) and indirect-acting mutagen (Trp-P-1, $(B({\alpha})P)$, we observed higher inhibitory effect. Stepwise fractionation of the ethanol extract was done by using ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to obtain effective fraction. Among them, water fractions $(100\;{\mu}g/plate)$ of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis showed high inhibition of 91.65%, 94.7%, 84.22% and 79.02%, respectively, on the mutagenicity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.321-326
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of pollutants on two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in an industrial region, using a physiological approach. We measured the growth and physiological parameters (photosynthetic activity and chemical contents) of the pine trees in relation to environmental pollutants. The concentrations of manganese (Mn), fluorine (F) and chlorine (CI) in needles of two pine species at the damaged site were significantly higher than those at the control site, and concentrations of essential elements (P) and chlorophyll in needles at the damaged site were significantly lower than at the control site. The light-saturated net photosynthesis $(P_{sat})$, apparent quantum yield $(\Phi)$, carboxylation efficiency (CE) of both pines at the damaged site were significantly lower than those at the control site. The length of shoots and survivorship of needles of two pines at the damaged site were significantly lower than those at the control site. Especially, at damaged site, growth of shoots and needle longevity of P. koraiensis are larger than those of P. rigida.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various leaf powders on chocolate by analyzing quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics. Methods: Pine needles, mulberry leaves, ramie leaves, barley leaves, and squash leaves were freeze-dried, powdered, and added to the chocolate. Results: Water contents of all leaf powder-added groups were significantly higher than that of the control (15.78%). The pH values of chocolate with leaf powder were lower than that of the control (6.33) while that of mulberry leaf chocolate (6.56) was higher than that of the control. In color measurement, L-value, a-value, and b-value were highest in pine needle chocolate (30.31, 3.52, and 4.78, respectively). The ${\Delta}E$ value (total color difference compared to white board) was the highest in squash leaf chocolate (69.51) and significantly different from that of the control (67.69). The hardness of leaf powder-added chocolate was lower than that of the control (6.84 N), except for pine needles. In the antioxidant activity analysis, chocolate with pine needles and squash leaves had higher polyphenols, flavonoids, and ABTS radical scavenging antioxidant activity than those of the control. Overall consumer acceptability was the most preferred in the control compared to the other groups. However, chocolate with mulberry and barley leaves also received high scores (5.60 and 5.40, respectively) for overall acceptability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that chocolate with barley leaves is desirable for making functional chocolate due to its high consumer preference and positive effects on improving antioxidant activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2021

This study developed an estimation model for litterfall input using the stand parameters (basal area, stand density, mean DBH, and carbon stocks of the aboveground tree biomass) collected from the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands of seven regions in Gyeongsangnam-do. The mean annual litterfall was 2,779 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for needles, 883 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for miscellaneous, 611 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for broadleaved, 513 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for branches, and 340 kg ha^-1 year^-1 for bark litter. The mean annual total litterfall was 5,051 kg ha^-1 year^-1. Litterfall components were significantly correlated with stand parameters, except for broadleaved litter. A stronger correlation was observed between the carbon stock of the aboveground tree biomass and all the litterfall components compared with the other stand variables. The allometric equations for all the litterfall components were significant (P < 0.05), with the stand parameters accounting for 5%-43% and 8%-42% of the variation in the needle litter and total litterfall, respectively. The results indicated that the annual litterfall inputs of the Korean red pine stands on a regional scale can be effectively estimated by allometric equations using the basal area and carbon stocks of the aboveground tree biomass.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.571-576
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• 1998

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the application of low concentration insecticides by sprinkler system for control of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplasis japonensis, by killing the adults emerging and copulating near the ground. For ground spray, 2 insecticides of fenitrothion and deltamethrin, dilutions of $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ deltamethrin, and 3 spray intervals of 1-3 day were tested at the peak time of adult emergence during the day time. The results are as follows ; 1. Ground spray of fenitrothion 50% EC and deltamethrin 1% EC were found to be highly effective for control of the pine needle gall midge. Average gall formation by fenitrothion, deltamethrin and untreated ones were 3.40%, 5.23% and 45.69%, respectively ; control value of both insecticides exceeded 88%. 2. As a ground spray of deltamethrin 1% EC, dilution $2,000{\times}$ was significantly different from $3,000{\times}$ in gall formation rates. Average gall formation of $2,000{\times}$ plots and $3,000{\times}$ treated ones were 5.23% and 18.00% ; control values were 89.44% and 63.66%, respectively. 3. Diurnal treatment of ground spray was found to be highly effective for control of pine needle gall midge. 4. In particular, control by ground application of dilutions $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ of deltamethrin is suggested because it does not have an adverse effect on arthropods of the ground surface such as ants and spiders.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.397-408
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• 1993

Gas exchange rates and concentrations of ascorbate and glutathlone were measured in needles of eastern white pine(Pinus strohltr) trees differing in foliar sensitivity to ambient oxidant pollution during a ten month period beginning in mid-June, 1988. Current-year needle dry mass and length was 60 to 75% and 45 to 60% less, respectively, in sens~tive trees than in a tolerant tree. Net photosynthesis ($P_n$) and needle conductance ($g_n$) were greatest in the tolerant individual through late September when the rates begin to decline In trees. Needle transpiration rates showed a trend similar to $P_n$ and $g_n$. Ascorbate and total glutathione concentrations in current-year needles increased through the summer and fall, reached a maximum in mid-winter, and then decreased in the spring. Consistently throughout the year, ascorbate concentration was highest in the tolerant tree until the initial springtime decline began in April. The difference In needle ascorbate between the tolerant and sensitive individuals was greater in the summer months (25 to 30%) than in the winter months (8 to 19%). Glutathione content was similar, as was the ratio or oxidized /reduced glutathione, in both tolerant and sensitive trees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 1998

The antimutagenic and cancer cell growth inhibitory effects of woorimil contained herb and seaweed powders were examined. While woorimil itself showed only 40% antimutagenic effect on S. typhymurium TA98 against 4NQO(0.15 g/plate), water extracts of mountain herbs and seweeds including Comfrey, wormwood, Kale, Angelica utilis and pine leaves showed 80~90% antimutagenicity. On the other hand, these extracts along with woorimil showed 68 to 80% antimutagenic activities. Low antimutagenic activities of less than 50% were shown when these extracts were tested on TA98 against Trp P 1(0.5 g/plate), but high antimutagenic activities of 80~93.3% were shown on TA100. Water extracts of Capsella bursa pastoris and Allium grayi exhibited 60~80% of the activites in cytotoxicity tests of woorimil water extracts(0.5mg/ml) on human lung carcinoma cell. A549 showed 10% cell growth inhibitory effect. When mixed with Comfrey and Angelica utilis extracts, it showed 23~25% inhibition and other extracts showed only 12~23% inhibition. Cytotoxicity test of woorimil extracts on human liver cancer cell Hep3B revealed 20% inhibition. The additions of pine needle extracts, Angelica utilis and Comfrey showed 33%, 29% and 25% inhibition, respectively. But other extracts showed only 20% inhibition.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2022

Pine (Pinaceae family such as Pinus densiflora, P. rigida, and P.taeda) has been used as traditional medicine, its various parts (pine needle, bark, sap) have been used for hemostasis, bruises, and burns. These species were reported that have phenolics and flavonoids. We evaluated the anti-inflammation effects of PRT in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. These results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of cone from Pinus rigida x P.taeda (ECRT) stabilized free radicals by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing the production of nitric oxide (NO). ECRT decreased the expressions of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). In addition, ECRT significantly suppressed mRNA levels of inflammation-related factors such as cytokines, iNOS, and COX-2. As a result, ECRT was related to alleviating various pro-inflammatory mediators through IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways, including p65 translocation to the nucleus.