• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.613-622
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• 2012

To develop the tailor made rice flour products for consumers with increasing functionality of pine needles, rice cupcakes were prepared with adding different contents of pine needle powder (PP) and extract (PE, by pressing pine needle). The physicochemical, textural, sensory properties, and antioxidative activities of rice cupcakes were investigated. The antioxidative activities of rice cupcakes with PP and PE were higher than those of the control and were significantly different with adding pine needle type (PP or PE). The specific volume of rice cupcakes increased with adding PP and PE, except for 10 g PP added cupcake. Textural properties were also significantly different with pine needle types and contents. On the sensory preference test data, the scores of the teens, the twenties, and the thirties were higher in PP added rice cupcakes (3 and 5 g added), but those in the forties, the fifties, and above the sixties were higher in PE added rice cupcakes (3 g added). From these above results, the PP addition improved the processing quality of rice cupcakes (under 10 g added), but reduced unique flavor of pine needle. It was suggested that rice products added with pine needle would be developed to consider consumer's age, type of pine needle and its content.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2017

Aged garlic has been reported to possess beneficial pharmacological activities, including anti-stress and anti-fatigue properties, and to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system and liver. Pine needles are widely used in folk medicine and as food additives owing to their pharmacological properties such as anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects. It has long been known that combining certain phytochemicals with other phenols or organic acids can produce synergistic effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an optimal formula of aged garlic with added pine needle powder for improved antioxidant activity using the statistical technique of response surface methodology. The antioxidant activities of aged garlic mixed with pine needle powder were confirmed by measuring oxygen radical absorbance capacity and total polyphenol content. An optimized antioxidant formula was identified that contained 5.08 g aged garlic and 1.97 g pine needle powder. The antioxidant activities of the mixture prepared using this optimal formula were significantly higher than the predicted values according to an additive model. Hence, this study confirms that the addition of pine needle powder to aged garlic can improve its antioxidant activity. This study demonstrated an optimal mixing ratio to produce an aged garlic product with improved functionality through the addition of pine needle powder that could be successfully employed by the food industry to prepare functional foods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.302-306
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• 2005

Litterfall and nutrient inputs were measured in even-aged coniferous plantations (a 31-year-old Pinus rigida and a 31-year-old Larix leptolepis) on a similar site condition in the Forest Practice Research Center, Gyeonggi Province. Litterfall was collected monthly from circular littertraps (collecting area: $0.50m^2$) for three years between April 1997 and February 2000. Average total annual litterfall was significantly higher for pine (5,802 kg/ha/yr) than for larch (4,562 kg/ha/yr) plantations. Needle litter in both plantations accounted for about 63% of total litterfall. Litterfall in the larch was distributed as follows: needle > other leaf > branch > miscellaneous > bark, while it was needle > miscellaneous > other leaf > branch > bark in the pine plantation. There was no temporal variation in needle litter, other leaf and bark during the 3 year study period. The concentrations of all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in needle litter were significantly higher in the larch than in the pine plantations. The annual nutrient concentration of needle litter in the larch varied among the years, whereas no year variation of needle litter was in the pine except for phosphorus (P). Nitrogen (N) and P inputs by needle litter were significantly higher for larch than for pine plantations established on a similar soil. The differences in N and P inputs were attributed to lower nutrient concentration in pine needle litter compared with larch needle litter, not to total needle litter mass. Annual inputs of nutrient in both plantations were not significantly different among years except for K of the larch although there was yearly different in needlefall mass and nutrient concentration during the 3-year observed period. The results indicate that the mechanisms of litterfall and nutrient inputs vary considerably between pine and larch plantations established on a similar site condition.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2004

Pine needles are known as a traditional medicine and their ingestion has been shown to be beneficial to human beings. Following induction of the neoplastic process in rats by azoxymethane (AOM), we determined the effects of pine needle supplementation on colon carcinogenesis and on antioxidant systems in the blood and liver. Five week old male Fisher 344 rats were injected with AOM (15 mg/kg) once a week for two weeks. After the second injection, 18 rats were randomly assigned into two groups and were fed a casein-based high-fat diet (120 g fat and 1 g cholesterol/kg diet) with or without pine needle powder (10%w/w). After 6 weeks, rats receiving pine needle powder showed a 40% lower incidence of the number of colonic preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypts) and a 52% lower incidence of aberrant crypt foci (p<0.01). A significantly elevated level of erythrocyte catalase activity was observed in the pine needle supplemented group (17.4$\pm$1.1 vs. 24.5$\pm$1.5, p<0.01). Pine needle supplementation also increased liver glutathione peroxidase activity (7.5$\pm$0.6 vs. 14.6$\pm$0.6, p<0.01). Other antioxidant parameters such as erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, liver catalase activity, and plasma total antioxidant potential (TRAP), showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Our data demonstrate that pine needle supplementation improves the antioxidant system and suppresses the formation of colonic preneoplastic lesions in AOM-treated rats. This result provides additional insights into the chemo-preventative properties of pine needles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.629-637
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• 2005

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were investigated in soil and pine needle samples taken from 16 sites of industrial and residential areas in Changwon, Korea to assess their distribution levels and to suggest the influence of industrial activities, PCDDs/DFs levels in the soil samples ranged from 0.57 to 20.79 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight with a mean value of 4.20 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight. PCDDs/DFs levels in the pine needle samples ranged from 0.39 to 8.75 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight with a mean value of 4.09 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight. In both soil and pine needle samples, the PCDDs/DFs concentrations in the industrial area sites were higher than those in the residential area sites. Homologue profiles in pine needle samples showed different patterns compared with soil samples. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), it was confirmed that pine needles reflected a direct influence from local potential sources of PCDDs/DFs, showing a much higher degree of reflection than in soils. Pine needles are very useful as an indicator for monitoring or estimating the contamination of PCDDs/DFs in other areas which have been impacted by point pollution sources.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.337-352
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• 1999

The effects of dried leaf powders and ethanol extract of persimmon, green tea and pine needle on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative activity were investigated in rats. Forty-nine male Spargue-Dawley rats weighing 107.8$\pm$1.8g were blocked into seven groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with diets containing either 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of one of three different Korea traditional teas, persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb), green tea(Camellia Sinensis O.Ktzc)or pine needle(pinus Koreansis Sieb. Et Zucc), or ethanol from equal amounts of each dried tea powder. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney and epididymal fat were significantly higher in the green-tea-powder group, and significantly lower in the pine-needle-powder and pine-needle-extract groups. Persimmon-leaf powder was found to decrease plasma total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration by increasing fecal total lipid triglyceride and cholesterol excretions. Liver cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in the green-tea and pine-needle-extract groups. Red-blood-cell superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) activities were significantly increased in rats fed green-tea extract. Liver SOD activity was increased in rats fed pine-needle powder or extract, and liver GSH-px activity was increased in rats fed greentea powder. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentration were both decreased in rats fed dried leaf posers or extracts of persimmon or green tea. It is believed that high vitamin E levels in persimmon leaf, and high flavonoid, beta-carotene and vitamin C levels in green tea effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, persimmon and green tea leaves were effective in lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, while pine needles were effective and lowering body weight gain. From these results, persimmon and green tea leaves can be recommended in the treatment and prevention of chronic discorders such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and aging. As ethanol extracts from these teas were also effecitive in lowering tissue lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, we recommend the use of discarded tea grounds for this.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.171-175
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• 1998

This study was to estimate the strength of pine needle ash concrete using cement, natural aggregates and pine needle ash(PNA). The highest strength was achieved by 5% pine needle ash filled PNA concrete respectively. It was increased 6% by compressive strength, 15% by tensile strength and 13% by bending strength than that of the normal cement concrete, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 1997

Peroxidase activities and isozyme patte군 of the pine needles (Pinus densiflora) were examined and compared in the coastal regions of Anmyum-Do(Choongnam, Taean-Gun) and inland regions of Shinchang-Myun(Choongnam, Asan-City). The pine needle peroxidase from Anmyum-Do showed approximately three times higher specfic activity than Shinchang pine needle peroxidase. The pine needle extracts of Anmyun-Do and Shinchang contained three anionic isoperoxidases, named A1, A2 and A3, when subjected to starch gel electrophoresis at pH 7.0. Cjationic isoperoxidases could not be found in both extracts., However, there existed unique isoperoxidase An only from the extracts of Anmyun-Do pine needles under the salinary environment. Moreover, the specific activities of catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Anmyun-Do, known for the inducible enzymes under the stress condition, were about 1.8 times higher than those of Shinchang pine needles. However, the specific activities of other enzymes did not show great differences between the two regions. Considering the above results of the higher specific activity of peroxidase and the unique expression of isoperoxidase An, pine needle peroxidase might involve in the defence mechanism against the salinary stress of Anmyun-Do.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1133-1139
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities of extracts from various parts of the pine tree, which is known as a good source of functional food material. While ethanol extraction yields of pine bud and cone were higher than water extraction yields of pine bud and cone, water extraction yield of pine needle was higher than ethanol extraction yield of the pine needle. The content of polyphenols in the pine cone ethanol extract was 5 times higher than that in the pine bud and needle. Further, the content of flavonoids in the pine cone ethanol extract was 8 times higher than that in the pine bud and needle. DPPH radical scavenging effect of the pine cone ethanol extract was 3~5 times higher that of the pine bud and needle extract. Regardless of the extraction solvents, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the pine cone were stronger than those of the other parts of the pine tree. Taken together, it can be expected that the pine cone can be practically used as an antioxidant substance in food and beauty industries.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2011

This study were carried to investigate to the effects of diet supplemented with pine needle powder on pH, total phenol contents, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), WHC (water holding capacity), shear force, sensory evaluation, meat color, and fatty acid composition of chicken meat. Broiler chicks were fed the corresponding diets containing 0% pine needle powder (Control), 0.3% pine needle powder (T1), 0.6% pine needle powder (T2), or 0.9% pine needle powder (T3) for five weeks. The pH and TBARS was significantly decreased by the supplementation of pine needle powder compared to the control (P<0.05). The total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly increased by the supplementation of pine needle powder compared to the control (P<0.05), and T3 showed the most effective (P<0.05) more effective in improving self-life compared to the other treatment groups. The CIE $a^*$ value of treatment groups showed significantly higher value compare to the control, however, CIE $L^*$ values was decreased. In fatty acid composition, the level of oleic acid in chicken meat was significantly (P<0.05) increased by the supplementation of pine needle powder compared with the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of pine needle powder was effective in decreasing pH and TBARS, and increasing total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity in broiler meats.