• Mycobiology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.205-209
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• 2001

The Korean sawmills have recently recognized the importance of prevention of fungal discoloration due to increased losses in revenue. Before establishing integrated control strategies of fungal discoloration, more complete knowledge about causal organisms is needed. As a first step, we initiated a through survey of fungi colonizing commercially important softwood(Pinus dens flora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus radiata) logs and lumber in Korea. In this paper we report results obtained from Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora) log study. In summer 2000, fungi were isolated from Japanese red pine logs in storage, and identified based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. A total of 595 fungi were isolated, representing 21 genera and 30 species. Mold fungi, mostly Trichoderma species, were the most frequently isolating fungi, representing more than half of all isolates. Dematiaceous fungi represented approximately one fifth of the isolates, and Rhinocladiella atorvirens was the most abundant in all samples. Opiostoma species represented 7% of all isolates from cores planted on malt extract agar(MEA) and the incidence of these species doubled with the addition of streptomycin and cycloheximide to MEA. The results indicate that Japanese red pine sapwood is susceptible to colonization by a variety of fungal species. As a result, control strategies that concentrate on one fungus may have limited success because of interference from competing flora.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate ectomycorrhizal (ECM) diversity on Pinus densiflora seedlings in a disturbed pine forest. Pine seedlings less than one year old were collected from disturbed and undisturbed sites in the Mt. Songni region. The belowground ECM fungal communities colonizing P. densiflora seedlings were studied using morphotyping and DNA sequencing. The relative abundance of ECM root tips was significantly higher in the undisturbed sites than in the disturbed sites, and the ECM species diversity was lower in the disturbed sites than in the undisturbed sites. In addition, the ECM community composition was significantly different in the disturbed and undisturbed forest sites.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

Background: Over the years, pine pollens have been excluded as an allergen due to its relatively large size, low protein content, and waxy hydrophobic layer, despite their abundance. However, recent studies suggest the possibilities of pine pollens being allergens, and it has been reported that allergy symptoms were highly prevalent in areas with considerably large pine forests and high possibility of exposure to the pollen. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the allergenicities of the pollens from the dominant species of Korean pines, red pine (Pinus densiflora), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida), in mice. Methods: The protein composition of the pollens from the three pine species was compared via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pine pollens and proteins extracted from the pollens were introduced to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and application to exposed skin and the IgE produced by the mice were extracted from blood and analyzed via ELISA. Results: SDS-PAGE showed differing protein compositions of the pollens of the three pine species. Analysis of blood IgE compositions showed a similar amount of IgE produced when pollens were applied to skin. In contrast, when mice inhaled the pollens, P. densiflora was shown to induce significantly more IgE production than those of the other two species. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the pollens of all three South Korean pine species induce IgE production, and this production was more pronounced when the pollens were inhaled than when they were applied to the skin. Of the three species, the pollen of P. densiflora was found to induce the highest level of IgE production.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate litterfall dynamics in three adjacent coniferous tree plantations (larch: Larix leptolepis; red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigitaeda) planted in the same year (1963), and growing under similar environmental conditions in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Litter was collected monthly between July 2006 and June 2008. Needle, broad leaf and total litter inputs followed a similar monthly pattern in the three coniferous plantations. The amounts of needles, flowers, and miscellaneous litter were significantly lower in the larch than in the two pine plantations, while branch litter was significantly higher in the larch than in the two pine plantations. Average total litterfall for two years was significantly higher for the pine (5,475 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for red pine and 5,290 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for rigitaeda pine) plantations than for the larch (3,953 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ plantation. Needle litter comprised about 73.1% of total litterfall for the rigitaeda pine, 70.8% for the red pine and 62.9% for the larch plantations. Our results demonstrate that litterfall inputs can be affected by tree species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1974

Pine forests existing in Hong-do island were examined as regarding such characteristics, tree form, needle length, branch diameter, bark colors, ratio of summer wood to springwood, location and number of resin canal and other measurements. Hong-do island, located the furthest west part of Korea, suports only Pinus densiflora but very few Pinus thunbergii, in fact the present authors could not find any black pine individuals at all through investigation. Checking 14 individual trees of red pine, more than age of 20, of the genetic contamination by black pine, in a certain degree, exist. Here, a very dense foliage type and a very sparse foliage type tree of red pine growing nearby was examined and the unique fact was that each of those type has only one (average number 1.3) accessory resin canal, while other trees have three as minimum or more. The present authors thought this island had not been covered by any Pinus thunbergii but by Pinus densiflora. It was thought that Pinus thunbergii stands grown along the sea-coast of Korean Peninsula are pollen donors to this island.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

As an effort to utilize the pine woods damaged by pine wilt disease, this study analyzed the density of pine wood nematode and compressive strength of damaged trees treated through soaking and fumigating. The density of nematode in Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii woods soaked in wood vinegar and nematicide, and in seawater reduced greatly in 21 days and in 30 days, respectively. When reextracted nematode was injected artificially into healthy trees, infection was not observed after the lapse of six months, and the mean density of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii was $0.47g/cm^3$ and $0.54g/cm^3$, respectively, and their compressive strengths were $304kgf/cm^2$ and $363kgf/cm^2$, respectively. As to change in the density of pine wood nematode after fumigating, pine wood nematode was detected until the third month in both species, and those detected afterwards were found to be similar nematodes. After 24 months, the mean densities of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii were $0.54g/cm^3$ and $0.52g/cm^3$, respectively, and their compressive strengths were $353kgf/cm^2$ and $370kgf/cm^2$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

In order to analyze the succession process from a pine forest to an oak forest, the tree growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula was monitored in a permanent quadrat for 23 years. The measurements were carried out for the stem diameter (DBH) of Pinus densiflora between 1977 and 1999 and for the height of Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula saplings between 1998 and 2000. The floristic composition and the locations of the individual P. densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula trees and saplings in the quadrat were recorded. P densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula individuals were randomly distributed within the quadrat. The relative growth rates (RGR) of DBH in P. densiflora were 0.085 $yr^{-1}$ for large trees and 0.056 $yr^{-1}$ for small trees in 1977. The RGR of height for Q. mongolica ssp. crispula was 0.122 $yr^{-1}$. The growth curve for DBH of P. densiflora was approximated by the logistic equation: $$DBH(t) = 30 {[1+1.16exp(-0.13 t)]}^{-1}$$ where DBH (t) the DBH (cm) in year t and t is the number of years since 1977. The growth in height of P. densiflora and Q. mongolica ssp. crispula was described by following equations: $$H (t) = 20.2 {[1+0.407exp(-0.137 t)]}^{-1} (P. densiflora)$$ $$H (t) = 30 {[1+20.7exp(-0.122 t)}^{-1} (Q. mongolica ssp. crispula)$$ Where H (t) is the tree height (m) in year t and t is the number of years since 1977 in P. densiflora and 1998 in Q. mongolica ssp. crispula. With these equations we predicted that the height of Q. mongolica ssp. crispula increases from 2 m in 1999 to 20 m in 2029. Therefore, Q. mongolica ssp. crispula and P. densiflora will be approximately the same height in 2029. The years required for succession from a pine forest to an oak forest are expected 33 with the range between 23 and 44 years.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Objectives : We investigated the anti-aging effect on skin with the extract of the needles of red pine, Pinus densiflora. Methods : We measured various effects related to skin such as the anti-oxidant effect, the protection against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), the reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) synthesis and senescent cell. Results : The results were as follows : The extract of the needles of red pine (RP) had the potent anti-oxidant effect and the ROS scavenging effect. Also RP preserved the systemic anti-oxidant enzyme system (superoxide dismutase and catalase) from UVB irradiation. RP protected the cell membrane from the damages induced by UVB irradiation. RP induced HSP70, a mediator of resistance to UVB irradiation. RP reduced the synthesis of MMP-2 induced by UVB irradiation. And RP inhibited the amount of senescent-associated (SA) ${\beta}-galactosidase$ staining, as a marker of replicative senescence. Conclusions : The results of our study indicate that the extract of the needles of red pine, Pinus densiflora, has anti-aging effects on skin.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 2014

It was examined the key criterion of the time of property revelation as Uljin-Geumgangsong wood. For this purpose, we investigated in physical properties in pine wood (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and representative Uljin-Geumgangsong wood (Pinus densiflora forma erecta Uyeki). The results are as follows; Air-dry density of Uljin-Geumgangsong wood have higher values over about 20 percent than that of pine wood. And also heartwood rate of Uljin-Geumgansong wood have higher values above 70 percent. The number of vertical resin canals per $1mm^2$ in Uljin-Geumgangsong wood was 40 percent greater than in pine wood. As the average diameters of axial resin canals were 67.8 mm and 67.3~69.9 mm in pine wood and in Uljin-Geumgangsong wood, respectively, there was no significant difference among wood species. There tends to be an increase in diameters as annual rings increase. The number of horizontal resin canals in Uljin-Geumgangsong-1 was approximately 55 percent greater than in pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangsong-2. The number of resin canals in pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangson-2 decreased while it increased in Uljin-Geumgangsong-1 as annual rings increased. No significant difference was found in the number of rays among wood species and between earlywood and latewood of same wood species. As annual rings increased the number of rays decreased in both pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangsong. The heights of rays were greater in pine wood than Uljin-Geumgangsong and no difference was found between earlywood and latewood. In conclusion, rings of tree for the time of property revelation as Uljin-Geumgangsong wood is assumed about more than 150 years.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.973-979
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• 1999

Volatile compounds from twigs, needles and sprouts in Pinus densiflora were extracted with n hexane, diethyl ether or ethanol for 24 hours, and the extracted compounds were separated and identified by gas chromatography and mass selective detector. The kinds and amount of volatile compounds extracted from three parts of Pinus densiflora were different in solvent extraction and the extraction by the modified Liken Nickerson apparatus. The contents of volatile compounds of twigs contained more than those of needles and sprouts, and the volatile compounds were extracted more in n hexane than the others. In the extraction with hexane, the main volatile compounds of twigs were 18.5% pinene, 14.5% limonene, 12.7% pinene and 3.2% myrcene. Sprouts were 16.8% limonene, 4.4% pinene, 4.3% pinene and 1.7% myrcene. Needles contained 14.7% pinene, 5.4% pinene, 2.2% limonene and 0.8% myrcene. The highest yield for pine aroma was shown in the extraction from pine twigs with n hexane, and in this extraction the amounts of pinene, pinene and limonene were 742 g, 1108 g and 922 g per gram sample, respectively.