• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.471-482
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• 2012

To assess the risk of nuclear power plant operation and to determine the risk impact of digital systems, there is a need to quantitatively assess the reliability of the digital systems in a justifiable manner. The Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) is a tool which can reveal shortcomings of the NPP design in general and PRA analysts have not had sufficient guiding principles in modelling particular digital components malfunctions. Currently digital I&C systems are mostly analyzed simply and conventionally in PRA, based on failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree modelling. More dynamic approaches are still in the trial stage and can be difficult to apply in full scale PRA-models. As basic events CPU failures, application software failures and common cause failures (CCF) between identical components are modelled.The primary goal is to model dependencies. However, it is not clear which failure modes or system parts CCF:s should be postulated for. A clear distinction can be made between the treatment of protection and control systems. There is a general consensus that protection systems shall be included in PRA, while control systems can be treated in a limited manner. OECD/NEA CSNI Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRisk) has set up a task group, called DIGREL, to develop taxonomy of failure modes of digital components for the purposes of PRA. The taxonomy is aimed to be the basis of future modelling and quantification efforts. It will also help to define a structure for data collection and to review PRA studies.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2022

Background: Subjects with frozen shoulder (FS) might not be comfortable with vigorous physical therapy. Clinical trials assessing the effect of graded motor imagery (GMI) in FS are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of GMI as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy in individuals with painful FS. Methods: Twenty subjects aged 40-65 years having stage I and II of FS were randomly divided into two study groups. The conventional physiotherapy group (n = 10) received electrotherapy and exercises while the GMI group (n = 10) received GMI along with the conventional physiotherapy thrice a week for 3 weeks. Pre- (Session 1) and post- (Session 9) intervention analysis for flexion, abduction, and external rotation range of motion (ROM) using a universal goniometer, fear of movement using the fear avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ), pain with the visual analogue scale, and functional disability using the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) was done by a blinded assessor. Results: Statistically significant difference was seen within both the groups for all the outcomes. In terms of increasing abduction ROM as well as reducing fear of movement, pain, and functional disability, the GMI group was significantly better than control group. However, both groups were equally effective for improving flexion and external rotation ROM. Conclusions: Addition of GMI to the conventional physiotherapy proved to be superior to conventional physiotherapy alone in terms of reducing pain, kinesiophobia, and improving shoulder function for stage I and II of FS.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.451-455
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• 2006

본 실험실에서는 음식폐기물을 효율적으로 소화처리하기위해 Pilot 규모 (10톤)의 3단계 메탄 발효 공정을 개발하여 운전하고 있다. 3단계 메탄발효시스템은 반혐기성 가수분해조, 혐기성 산발효조, 혐기성 메탄발효조로 구성되어 있으며, 이 가운데 두 번째 공정인 혐기성 산발효조로부터 알코올발효능이 우수한 균주 KA4를 분리하였다. 세포의 형태는 타원형 모양이며, 크기는 $5.5-6.5{\times}3.5-4.5\;{\mu}m$ 이었고, 26S rDNA D1/D2 rDNA sequence를 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KA4로 명명하였다. 이 균주를 YM 배지에서 배양하였을 경우 $30-35^{\circ}C$에서 최대 생장을 보였으며, 배지내의 초기 에탄올 농도가 5% (v/v)까지는 생장에 영향을 받지 않았으나 그 이상에서는 생장에 저해를 받았고 7% 이상에서는 생장하지 못하였다. 한편 초기 50% (w/v)까지의 당 농도에서는 생장이 가능하였으나 잔류 당 농도를 고려할 때 에탄올 발효를 위한 최적 당 농도는 10%이었다. 이 농도의 당을 이용하여 초기 pH4에서 10까지의 넓은 범위에서 에탄올 발효가 가능하였으며 최적 pH는 6이었다 이 때 에탄올 생산량은 7.4%이었으며, 에탄올 생산수율은 2.87 mol EtOH/mol glucose이었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2010

As the target area of this study, the coal mine site of Dongwon Sabuk mine.,ltd. is located in the remote mountainous region. To purify the acid mine water contaminated with heavy metals, a pilot-scale plant was built at the surrounded area of a mine shaft and operated to simulate active treatment system that could not only possibly setup the facility in a small available area, but also has a high efficiency. According to the various conditions of basin sequence, existence of sludge return, and lime injection position, six different types of treatment series were investigated in terms of treatment efficiency. As a result, the aluminum concentrations of the most effluents were in the range of 0.005~0.030 mg/L, which was too low to compare. The manganese concentration in the treated water were in the range of 3~9 mg/L, not following any regular trend. As found in the results of iron concentration, the case of addition of oxidation and sludge return steps showed higher efficiency than the others. As a standpoint of the installation of full-scale physicochemical treatment facility, the experimental results showed that the batch of oxidation and high density sludge return processes are existed and neutralization was followed by oxidation, had a stable treatment efficiency.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.609-622
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• 2020

사회가 발달하면서 법령의 규모는 점차 증가하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 내용도 복잡해지고 있다. 법령 내에 존재하고 있는 안전기준의 규모 또한 증대되고 있고 전문화되고 있어 안전기준 상호간의 상충이나 중복 등을 최소화하기 위한 통합관리에 어려움이 있다. 안전기준의 통합관리를 위해서는 기본적으로 법령 내의 안전기준을 검색하여 추출하는 기술이 우선 확보되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 한정된 시간 및 인력 등의 한계를 고려하여 몇 가지 특정사례를 기반으로 안전기준 자동검색 지원도구를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우선 기존 연구에서 분류된 안전기준과 행정안전부에서 고시한 안전기준을 대상으로 안전기준이 가진 특성을 분석하고 2018년에 국립재난안전연구원에서 추출한 안전기준을 포함하는 법령정보를 수집하였다. 수집된 법령을 정제하고 형태소 분석을 실시하여 안전기준 시소러스를 구축한 후 색인 작업을 거쳐 안전기준 검색도구를 개발하였다. 향후 안전기준을 찾는데 자동검색도구가 일상적으로 적용된다면 방대하고 복잡한 안전기준의 중복 또는 상충 문제해결에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.201-216
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• 1998

건설교통부는 국가지리정보체계구축사업(NGIS)의 일환으로 수치지형도 제작사업을 1998년 말까지 완료할 예정이며, 특히 1:1,000 수치지형도는 지방자치단체의 GIS 기본도로 사용될 예정이다. 그러나 1:1,000 수치지형도에는 많은 지방정부들의 행정업무에 필요한 지적이나 도시계획과 같은 무형의 정보들은 포함되어 있지 않다. GIS사업의 활성화를 위해 지적도의 전산화 작업이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구는 수치지형도와 지적의 불부합 원인을 분석하고, 정확도가 다른 두 데이타를 일치시키는 GIS의 기술적 방법들을 검토하고 서울시를 예로하여 도시계획관련부서의 지적데이타에 대한 수요를 분석하여 수치지형도와 중첩하여 활용할 수 있는 지적도 도형자료의 구축지침을 제시하였다. 그리고 제작지침 제시를 위해 서울시 중구 황학동, 신당동, 그리고 종로구 승인동 일부지역에 대한 편집지적 데이터를 구축하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.729-736
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• 1997

산업폐열을 활용하기 위해 금속염화물-암모니아계 화학열변환기를 설계하고 1kW-1hr 용량의 장치개발을 하였다. 이는 $170^{\circ}C$ 열원을 $210^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 승온시키는 화학열펌프 시스템으로서, 효율적인 화학반응기의 설계를 위하여 필요한 반응물의 양과 반응물의 조건 등을 산출하는 정적계산과 동적모사를 수행하였다. 모사결과 열교환면적이나 반응기내 염의 양 등의 변수에 따라 시스템의 온도와 출력이 변함을 알 수 있었고 또한 반응물질의 양과 겉보기밀도 및 장치구조의 영향을 고찰하고 최적조건을 결정할 수 있었다. 4단계 작동사이클에 따라 운전한 결과 온도 및 출력의 실험치는 모사치와 비교하여 양호한 결과를 얻었으며 이 화학열변환기는 일정온도로 승온시킬 수 있는 특징으로 인해 앞으로 산업공정에서 배출되는 폐열원을 활용할 수 있는 시스템으로서의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2003

Pollution purification using titanium dioxide (TiO$_2$) photocatalyst has attracted a great deal of attention with increasing number of relent environmental problems. Currently, the application of TiO$_2$ photocatalyst has been focused on purification and treatment of waste water. However. the use of conventional TiO$_2$ powder photocatalyst results in disadvantage of stirring during the reaction and of separation after the reaction. And the usage of artificial UV lamp has made the cost of photocatalyst treatment system high. Consequently, we herein studied the pilot-scale design to aid in optimization of the energy-saving process for more through development and reactor design by solar light/UV lamp/ TiO$_2$system. In this study, we manufactured the TiO$_2$sol by sol-gel method. According to analysis by XRD, SEM and TEM, characterization of TiO$_2$ sol were nano-size (5-6 nm) and anatase type. Inorganic binder (SiO$_2$) was added to TiO$_2$ lot to be coated for support strongly, and support of ceramic bead was used to lower separation rate that of glass bead The influences were studied of various experimental parameters such as TiO$_2$ quantity, pH, flow rate. additives, pollutants concentration, climate condition and reflection plate by means of reaction time of the main chararteristics of the obtained materials. In water treatment system, variable realtor as solar light/ or UV lamp according to climate condition such as sunny and cloudy days treated the phenol and E-coli(Escherichia coli) effectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.379-387
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• 2008

The pH & alkalinity adjustment method by lime and carbon dioxide($CO_2$) for corrosion control in water distribution system was investigated to evaluate the corrosion characteristics of metal pipes, such as galvanized iron, copper, stainless steel, and carbon steel. When the pH in sand filtered and ozone+GAC treated water was increased with lime and $CO_2$ from 7.5 to 8.0, the concentration of residual chlorine decreased at higher pH and longer reaction time; the concentration of trihalomethane increased. The corrosion rate of coupons with corrosion control using lime and carbon dioxide was showed much smaller than those without corrosion control using pilot-scale simulated distribution system. The galvanized iron was corroded much faster than carbon steel, copper, and stainless steel. Especially, copper and stainless steel coupons were hardly corroded. The galvanized iron and carbon steel coupons with corrosion control were produced the corrosion products less than those without corrosion control by the results of environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDS) analyses. The galvanized iron coupon with pH and alkalinity adjustment by lime and carbon dioxide was detected about 30 percent of zinc, when the carbon steel was detected about 30 percent of calcium by calcium carbonate products formation. For the results of X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses, the goethite(${\alpha}$-FeOOH) was identified as primary corrosion product of galvanized iron without corrosion control, while the Zinc oxide(ZnO) was found on corrosion products of galvanized iron coupon with corrosion control as the results of EDS analyses. However, the carbon steel corrosion products regardless of corrosion control were composed predominantly of maghemite(${\gamma}-Fe_2O_3$) and hematite(${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$).

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.110-119
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• 2021

The Coronavirus or COVID-19 is contagiousness virus that infected almost every single part of the world. This pandemic forced a major country did lockdown and stay at a home policy to reduce virus spread and the number of victims. Interactions between humans and robots form a popular subject of research worldwide. In medical robotics, the primary challenge is to implement natural interactions between robots and human users. Human communication consists of dynamic processes that involve joint attention and attracting each other. Coordinated care involves sharing among agents of behaviours, events, interests, and contexts in the world from time to time. The robotics arm is an expensive and complicated system because robot simulators are widely used instead of for rehabilitation purposes in medicine. Interaction in natural ways is necessary for disabled persons to work with the robot simulator. This article proposes a low-cost rehabilitation system by building an arm gesture tracking system based on a depth camera that can capture and interpret human gestures and use them as interactive commands for a robot simulator to perform specific tasks on the 3D block. The results show that the proposed system can help patients control the rotation and movement of the 3D arm using their hands. The pilot testing with healthy subjects yielded encouraging results. They could synchronize their actions with a 3D robotic arm to perform several repetitive tasks and exerting 19920 J of energy (kg.m².S^-2). The average of consumed energy mentioned before is in medium scale. Therefore, we relate this energy with rehabilitation performance as an initial stage and can be improved further with extra repetitive exercise to speed up the recovery process.