• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.3149-3155
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to know the characteristics of DDK performance between CV(e.g. 'pa') and VV(e.g., 'ai') syllables in typically developing children aged 4 to 6 years old. 12 TD children performed DDK with CV structure(/pʰə/, /tʰə/, /kʰə/, /pʰətʰə/, /tʰəkʰə?/, /pʰətʰəkʰə/) and with VV structure(/ai/, /ɔi/, /ɑɔi/). Spoken syllables were counted in one second, and all spoken DDK were measured by PC-quirer. The results showed that all spoken DDK became faster as the age of children were increased. This trend was also appeared in both CV and VV syllables repetition. In addition, there was no differences in DDK rate with CV and VV syllables. The frequency of articulatory error during DDK performance was very high in the age of 3, and there was no pattern in the frequency of articulatory error according to the developmental age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2021

The Ulsan anchorage has not secured a sufficient area than the anchorage demand, and the criteria for objective evaluation are not clearly defined. In this study, a general formula to solve the problems of the current anchorage density and occupancy concept was derived, and new adequacy evaluation criteria were proposed. The proposed criteria were applied to the Ulsan E anchorage to evaluate the suitability of the anchorage. The anchorage density and occupancy of the E1 anchorage were 129 % and 122 %, respectively, showing that both evaluation techniques exceeded 100 %, requiring anchorage expansion according to the evaluation criteria. A plan to expand the anchorage was reviewed considering the traffic pattern and the distance from the pilot boarding point. Therefore, a plan to open 35˚ on a sector at the end of the Ulsan No. 1 fairway was developed, and its suitability was verified. Base on the verification results, there was a part of the overlap between the extended area and the traffic track on the south of the E3 anchorage, but the possibility of affecting the marine traffic was minimal. In addition, it was confirmed that anchorage adequacy was achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 2021

The seed zone is a map that describes the areas where plant material can be transferred with little risk for properly adapting to a new location. The seed zone study is largely divided into studies based on genetic data and studies based on climatic data. Can be. This study was conducted to establish a temporary domestic seed zone applicable to the entire Korean Peninsula and evaluate its possibility based on the US climate-based seed zone establishment methodology. The temporary seed zone was constructed in the same way as the US case by superimposing the data obtained by dividing the winter minimum temperature into 12 grades and the data obtained by dividing the annual heat: moisture index into 6 grades. As a result of the analysis, 65 temporary seed zones were formed throughout the Korean Peninsula, and the areas of the seed zones representing the smallest and largest areas were 3.0km² and 29,423.0km², respectively, and it was confirmed that they had an average size of about 5,064.9km². Temporary seed zones applied in Korea show a pattern of changes in temperature according to the relatively horizontal forest zone, and it was confirmed that the area where the Baekdu-daegan ecological axis is located has a tendency to show lower dryness than other areas. This study applied the US climate-based seed zone methodology in Korea as a pilot, and confirmed the climatic similarity across the Korean Peninsula. Furthermore, it is expected to provide an optimal seed map that improves the success rate of restoration in the future by revising the seed zone grade suitable for the domestic environment in consideration of the results of this study and the possibility of seed adaptation to the field survey and environmental space.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.242-248
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• 2021

This study aims to compare nail-fold capillary blood velocity (CBV) according to the presence or absence of cold hypersensitivity in the hands (CHH) using nail-fold capillaroscopy under cold stress conditions. Eleven participants were taken from the cohort study for observing long-term health status of the faculty of Semyung university. Seven of the participants displayed CHH while four showed signs of non-CHH. CBV between 0 and 60 seconds (S1) and between 240 and 300 seconds (S2) was measured under cold stress for 5 minutes, respectively, and the average value was used to compare non-CHH group and CHH group. Body mass index, Nogung (PC8) temperature and temperature difference between Nogung (PC8) and Hyeopbaek (LU4) were significantly lower in CHH group compared to non-CHH group. The S2-S1 CBV difference was negatively correlated with PC8 temperature and PC8-LU4 temperature, and positively correlated with cold pattern score and cold hypersensitivity visual analog scale. The CHH group had a lower CBV overall than non-CHH group, and the S2-S1 CBV difference was significantly higher in the CHH group than in non-CHH group. This study suggests that CBV measured by nail-fold capillarosopy might be a useful indicator of cold hypersensitivity properties.

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.53
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• pp.207-247
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• 2020

is a project for the senior generation with humanistic knowledge to become a mentor and communicate with them to present the wisdom and direction of life to the new generations of mentees based on various life experiences. has been expanding since 2015, starting with the pilot operation in 2014. In general, projects such as these are assessed to establish effectiveness indicators to verify effectiveness and to establish project management and development strategies. However, most of the evaluations have been conducted quantitatively and qualitatively based on the short-term duration of the project. Therefore, in the case of continuous projects such as , especially in the field of culture and arts where long-term effectiveness verification is required, the short-term evaluation is difficult to predict and judge the actual meaningful effects. In this regard, tried to examine the qualitative change of key participants in this project through the 2017 and 2018 image tracking survey. For this purpose, we adopted qualitative research methodology through interview video shooting, field shooting, and value coding as a research method suitable for the research subject. To analyze the results, first, the interview images were transcribed, keywords were extracted, value encoding works were matched with human psychological values, and the theoretical method was used to identify changes and to derive the meaning. In fact, despite the fact that the study conducted in this study was a follow-up survey, it remained a limitation that it analyzed the changed pattern in a rather short time of 2 years. However, this study systemized the specific methodology that researchers should conduct for follow-up and provided the flow of research at the present time when there is hardly a model for follow-up in the field of culture and arts education business in Korea as well as abroad. Significance can be derived from this point. In addition, it can be said that it has great significance in preparing the detailed system and case of comparative analysis methodology through value coding.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.40-54
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• 2015

Tashkent Seoul Park was completed in June, 2014, following the signing of a sisterhood relationship between Seoul City and Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan in July, 2010. An open competition for the design of the park was held and, based on the design, the park was completed in June and open to the public in September, 2014. Tashkent Seoul Park is more than a public park in Tashkent. The focus was on making it a starting point for offering a new model for traditional parks of Korea built abroad. Korean gardens and parks built in overseas cities are not only a landscape space but also serve as an ambassador that promotes the culture of Korea to foreigners who are unfamiliar with Korean culture. Therefore, Tashkent Seoul Park was designed to reflect the beauty and uniqueness of Korean traditional landscaping to promote the image of Korea and Seoul. As such, the design and plan was focused on the best measures to make known Korean culture through a design that sets itself apart from the landscape of Uzbekistan. To date, Korean parks or Seoul parks that have been built overseas have focused on the re-enactment of gardens and parks during the Josun Dynasty era. But with the Tashkent Park, the process of the 170,000 people from Goryeo was also reflected onto the design so that the culture and sensibilities of old Goryeo could be felt as well. Korean traditional garden design elements for the representation of the Korean identity are taken from the pilot study. This design element includes not only that of Goryeo, but also the Josun Dynasty era to allow local people to experience a general Korean traditional garden. The traditional beauty and lyricism of Korea was presented to Central Asia through the park in Tashkent so that the citizens could feel the simple yet down-to-earth beauty of Korean aesthetics. As such, the spatial experience of story-telling in Seoul Park evolves from two points of view. First, it is a spatial experience from the perspective of the Goryeo period and of foreigners. It is a continuum of a landscape experience where one can trace the sentiments of Korea and a hometown in Korea by passing through lyrical and multi-faceted spatial structures. Second, it is an experience that evolves from the viewpoint of an outsider, including the Tashkent citizens. It allows visitors to read the various methods and attitudes in an unfamiliar landscape and terrain. Through a story-telling that is reminiscent of the Silk Road through which trade with East Asia took place, visitors can interact with Korean culture in the Korean Garden and throughout the process they can feel the very Korean sentiments. This park presents the latest example of a 'Korean Garden' formed overseas and thus presents a clue to understanding the representation pattern of the Korean aspects of Korean Gardens through a study on the design strategies.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2007

Objectives : The distressed personality (type-D) pattern, consisting of negative affectivity and social inhibition, has been shown by Denollet et al. For measuring the Type D characteristics, Denollet has devised the 14 item Type D scale (DS14). In the present study, this instrument was translated into Korean. The reliability and validity of the Korean DS14 was pilot tested. Methods : Preliminary version of the total 17-item DS14 scale was translated into Korean. 372 controls that did not have any coronary heart diseases (CHD) were randomly sampled in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Preliminary Korean version was applied to controls and 14 items were finally selected to maximize reliability of the scale. We compared the distribution of type-D personality among the normal controls, hypertensive patients, and the CHD patients. Results : 7 of 10 items in social inhibition were selected and final 14-item version was made. The internal consistency of negative affectivity (0.817) and social inhibition (0.797) were high. In addition, the prevalence of type-D personality in the CHD patients group was significantly higher than normal controls. Conclusion : These findings suggest that Korean version of DS14 is a valid tool for measuring the type D characteristics. Type-D characteristics can be suggested to predict adverse prognosis in patients with CHD.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.1-3
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• 1996

시뮬레이션 기법을 이용한 시스템의 분석에 있어서 실험의 자동화는 현재 많은 연구와 개발이 진행 중인 분야이다. 컴퓨터와 정보통신 시스템에 대한 시뮬레이션의 예를 들어 보면, 수많은 모델을 대한 시뮬레이션을 수행할 경우 자동화된 실험의 제어가 요구되고 있다. 시뮬레이션 수행회수, 수행길이, 데이터 수집방법 등과 관련하여 시뮬레이션 실험방법이 자동화가 되지 않으면, 시뮬레이션 실험에 필요한 시간과 인적 자원이 상당히 커지게 되며 출력데이터에 대한 분석에 있어서도 어려움이 따르게 된다. 시뮬레이션 실험방법을 자동화하면서 효율적인 시뮬레이션 출력분석을 위해서는 시뮬레이션을 수행하는 경우에 항상 발생하는 초기편의 (initial bias)를 제거하는 문제가 선결되어야 한다. 시뮬레이션 출력분석에 사용되는 데이터들이 초기편의를 반영하지 않는 안정상태에서 수집된 것이어야만 실제 시스템에 대한 올바른 해석이 가능하다. 실제로 시뮬레이션 출력분석과 관련하여 가장 중요하면서도 어려운 문제는 시뮬레이션의 출력데이터가 이루는 추계적 과정 (stochastic process)의 안정상태 평균과 이 평균에 대한 신뢰구간(confidence interval: c. i.)을 구하는 것이다. 한 신뢰구간에 포함되어 있는 정보는 의사결정자에게 얼마나 정확하게 평균을 추정할 구 있는지 알려 준다. 그러나, 신뢰구간을 구성하는 일은 하나의 시뮬레이션으로부터 얻어진 출력데이터가 일반적으로 비정체상태(nonstationary)이고 자동상관(autocorrelated)되어 있기 때문에, 전통적인 통계적인 기법을 직접적으로 이용할 수 없다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 시뮬레이션 출력데이터 분석기법이 사용된다.본 논문에서는 초기편의를 제거하기 위해서 필요한 출력데이터의 제거시점을 찾는 새로운 기법으로, 유클리드 거리(Euclidean distance: ED)를 이용한 방법과 현재 패턴 분류(pattern classification) 문제에 널리 사용 중인 역전파 신경망(backpropagation neural networks: BNN) 알고리듬을 이용하는 방법을 제시한다. 이 기법들은 대다수의 기존의 기법과는 달리 시험수행(pilot run)이 필요 없으며, 시뮬레이션의 단일수행(single run) 중에 제거시점을 결정할 수 있다. 제거시점과 관련된 기존 연구는 다음과 같다. 콘웨이방법은 현재의 데이터가 이후 데이터의 최대값이나 최소값이 아니면 이 데이터를 제거시점으로 결정하는데, 알고기듬 구조상 온라인으로 제거시점 결정이 불가능하다. 콘웨이방법이 알고리듬의 성격상 온라인이 불가능한 반면, 수정콘웨이방법 (Modified Conway Rule: MCR)은 현재의 데이터가 이전 데이터와 비교했을 때 최대값이나 최소값이 아닌 경우 현재의 데이터를 제거시점으로 결정하기 때문에 온라인이 가능하다. 평균교차방법(Crossings-of-the-Mean Rule: CMR)은 누적평균을 이용하면서 이 평균을 중심으로 관측치가 위에서 아래로, 또는 아래서 위로 교차하는 회수로 결정한다. 이 기법을 사용하려면 교차회수를 결정해야 하는데, 일반적으로 결정된 교차회수가 시스템에 상관없이 일반적으로 적용가능하지 않다는 문제점이 있다. 누적평균방법(Cumulative-Mean Rule: CMR2)은 여러 번의 시험수행을 통해서 얻어진 출력데이터에 대한 총누적평균(grand cumulative mean)을 그래프로 그린 다음, 안정상태인 점을 육안으로 결정한다. 이 방법은 여러 번의 시뮬레이션을 수행에서 얻어진 데이터들의 평균들에 대한 누적평균을 사용하기 매문에 온라인 제거시점 결정이 불가능하며, 작업자가 그래프를 보고 임의로 결정해야 하는 단점이 있다. Welch방법(Welch's Method: WM)은 브라운 브리지(Brownian bridge) 통계량()을 사용하는데, n이 무한에 가까워질 때, 이 브라운 브리지 분포(Brownian bridge distribution)에 수렴하는 성질을 이용한다. 시뮬레이션 출력데이터를 가지고 배치를 구성한 후 하나의 배치를 표본으로 사용한다. 이 기법은 알고리듬이 복잡하고, 값을 추정해야 하는 단점이 있다. Law-Kelton방법(Law-Kelton's Method: LKM)은 회귀 (regression)이론에 기초하는데, 시뮬레이션이 종료된 후 누적평균데이터에 대해서 회귀직선을 적합(fitting)시킨다. 회귀직선의 기울기가 0이라는 귀무가설이 채택되면 그 시점을 제거시점으로 결정한다. 일단 시뮬레이션이 종료된 다음, 데이터가 모아진 순서의 반대 순서로 데이터를 이용하기 때문에 온라인이 불가능하다. Welch절차(Welch's Procedure: WP)는 5회이상의 시뮬레이션수행을 통해 수집한 데이터의 이동평균을 이용해서 시각적으로 제거시점을 결정해야 하며, 반복제거방법을 사용해야 하기 때문에 온라인 제거시점의 결정이 불가능하다. 또한, 한번에 이동할 데이터의 크기(window size)를 결정해야 한다. 지금까지 알아 본 것처럼, 기존의 방법들은 시뮬레이션의 단일 수행 중의 온라인 제거시점 결정의 관점에서는 미약한 면이 있다. 또한, 현재의 시뮬레이션 상용소프트웨어는 작업자로 하여금 제거시점을 임의로 결정하도록 하기 때문에, 실험중인 시스템에 대해서 정확하고도 정량적으로 제거시점을 결정할 수 없게 되어 있다. 사용자가 임의로 제거시점을 결정하게 되면, 초기편의 문제를 효과적으로 해결하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 필요 이상으로 너무 많은 양을 제거하거나 초기편의를 해결하지 못할 만큼 너무 적은 양을 제거할 가능성이 커지게 된다. 또한, 기존의 방법들의 대부분은 제거시점을 찾기 위해서 시험수행이 필요하다. 즉, 안정상태 시점만을 찾기 위한 시뮬레이션 수행이 필요하며, 이렇게 사용된 시뮬레이션은 출력분석에 사용되지 않기 때문에 시간적인 손실이 크게 된다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.171-183
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• 2012

In the development of technologies, the exhibition industry has received much attention from governments and companies as an important way of marketing activities. Also, the exhibitors have considered the exhibition as new channels of marketing activities. However, the growing size of exhibitions for net square feet and the number of visitors naturally creates the competitive environment for them. Therefore, to make use of the effective marketing tools in these environments, they have planned and implemented many promotion technics. Especially, through smart environment which makes them provide real-time information for visitors, they can implement various kinds of promotion. However, promotions ignoring visitors' various needs and preferences can lose the original purposes and functions of them. That is, as indiscriminate promotions make visitors feel like spam, they can't achieve their purposes. Therefore, they need an approach using STP strategy which segments visitors through right evidences (Segmentation), selects the target visitors (Targeting), and give proper services to them (Positioning). For using STP Strategy in the smart exhibition environment, we consider these characteristics of it. First, an exhibition is defined as market events of a specific duration, which are held at intervals. According to this, exhibitors who plan some promotions should different events and promotions in each exhibition. Therefore, when they adopt traditional STP strategies, a system can provide services using insufficient information and of existing visitors, and should guarantee the performance of it. Second, to segment automatically, cluster analysis which is generally used as data mining technology can be adopted. In the smart exhibition environment, information of visitors can be acquired in real-time. At the same time, services using this information should be also provided in real-time. However, many clustering algorithms have scalability problem which they hardly work on a large database and require for domain knowledge to determine input parameters. Therefore, through selecting a suitable methodology and fitting, it should provide real-time services. Finally, it is needed to make use of data in the smart exhibition environment. As there are useful data such as booth visit records and participation records for events, the STP strategy for the smart exhibition is based on not only demographical segmentation but also behavioral segmentation. Therefore, in this study, we analyze a case of the promotion methodology which exhibitors can provide a differentiated service to segmented visitors in the smart exhibition environment. First, considering characteristics of the smart exhibition environment, we draw evidences of segmentation and fit the clustering methodology for providing real-time services. There are many studies for classify visitors, but we adopt a segmentation methodology based on visitors' behavioral traits. Through the direct observation, Veron and Levasseur classify visitors into four groups to liken visitors' traits to animals (Butterfly, fish, grasshopper, and ant). Especially, because variables of their classification like the number of visits and the average time of a visit can estimate in the smart exhibition environment, it can provide theoretical and practical background for our system. Next, we construct a pilot system which automatically selects suitable visitors along the objectives of promotions and instantly provide promotion messages to them. That is, based on the segmentation of our methodology, our system automatically selects suitable visitors along the characteristics of promotions. We adopt this system to real exhibition environment, and analyze data from results of adaptation. As a result, as we classify visitors into four types through their behavioral pattern in the exhibition, we provide some insights for researchers who build the smart exhibition environment and can gain promotion strategies fitting each cluster. First, visitors of ANT type show high response rate for promotion messages except experience promotion. So they are fascinated by actual profits in exhibition area, and dislike promotions requiring a long time. Contrastively, visitors of GRASSHOPPER type show high response rate only for experience promotion. Second, visitors of FISH type appear favors to coupon and contents promotions. That is, although they don't look in detail, they prefer to obtain further information such as brochure. Especially, exhibitors that want to give much information for limited time should give attention to visitors of this type. Consequently, these promotion strategies are expected to give exhibitors some insights when they plan and organize their activities, and grow the performance of them.