• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1731-1737
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of threonine:lysine ratios on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, and to estimate the optimal threonine:lysine ratios for growing barrows and gilts. A total of 150 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc, $16.75{\pm}0.42kg$ average body weight, 75 barrows and 75 gilts) was randomly allotted into six treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Six diets were formulated to contain 1.12% lysine for barrows and 1.33% lysine for gilts with three threonine:lysine ratios (50, 60 and 70%) for both barrows and gilts. Throughout the whole experimental period (16 to 56 kg body weight), there was no interaction between sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). Between sexes, there was a clear sex-effect showing better growth performance of barrows. Barrows consumed more feed (p<0.01) and grew faster (p<0.01) than gilts. For barrows, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR with increasing threonine:lysine ratio. For gilts, there was a trend to improved ADG and FCR up to threonine:lysine ratio of 60%, but not significant. There was no interaction between sex and threonine:lysine ratio in nutrient digestibilities of growing pigs except for crude ash (CA). Between sexes, there were differences in nutrient digestibilities, except for calcium for which gilts showed higher a digestibility (p<0.01). Among dietary threonine:lysine ratios, there were no differences in nutrient digestibilities. Mean values of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) digestibilities were not affected by sex and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. There was no evidence of an interaction between sexes and dietary threonine:lysine ratio. Between sexes, total BUN concentration was lower in gilts than barrows (p<0.05). It was concluded that a 70 and 60% dietary threonine:lysine ratio for barrows (1.12% lysine) and gilts (1.33% lysine) tended to result in better growth performances and nutrient utilization and lower BUN concentration than other threonine:lysine ratios.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1096-1103
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• 1999

A study was conducted to clarify the impact of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) on the efficiency of absorbed nitrogen use for protein deposition in growing pigs. Three levels of dietary crude protein (9.0, 11.5, 14.0% CP) were used. Each had either a sub-optimum or near optimum lysine: CP concentration (Low-lysine, 3.8 g/100 g CP and High-lysine, 5.5 g/100g CP) in order to achieve different metabolic efficiencies for nitrogen deposition (ca. 45 vs. 60%). Twelve crossbred female pigs $(59{\pm}4kg\;BW)$ were placed in metabolism cages and fitted with bladder catheters. Each pig received an excipient injection daily for the first 10-d, a pST (5 mg/d) injection for the second 10-d, and then excipient for the last 10-d. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2 pigs/diet) and fed 4 times per d at $92g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$ $(3{\times}maintenance)$. Means for the excipient period were compared to means for the pST period. Urinary nitrogen (N) output declined in pST-treated pigs (p<0.01) irrespective of dietary protein content or lysine level. Nitrogen retention increased by an average of 11% (p<0.01) with pST treatment (726 vs. $803mg\;N/kg^{0.75}\;BW/d$). Forty-eight percent of the absorbed N was retained with Low-lysine diets, but this increased to 53% with pST injection (+11%, p<0.01). Pigs fed High-lysine diets retained 62% of absorbed N which increased to 69% with pST (+11% p<0.01). the addition of lysine improved N use by 27% (High vs. Low, p<0.01), but the effect of lysine and pST was additive (+40%). Therefore, pST improves N retention and the efficiency of apparently absorbed N use in growing pigs (>60kg). It does so with diets having the potential for either low or high efficiencies of N use (48% and 62%). More work is needed to determine if the partial efficiency of N use improves in direct proportion to pST dose since the improvement in protein deposition is a function of pST dose.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2002

The oocytes from most of animal species accumulate genetic information and other necessary materials during oogenesis for the later use in the early development. Over the years oocyte maturation has been studied extensively both in vitro and in vivo. Particularly, maturation of follicular oocyte in vitro becomes one of the important tools for the studies of basic cell biology, the in vitro technology of animal production, and in particular, the somatic cell cloning by nuclear transfer. We examined meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion in the presence of translation or transcription inhibitors for varying periods of in viかo maturation (IVM) of pig oocyte. In Experiment 1, the results revealed that translation and transcription inhibitors inhibited cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation during 35h of IVM. However, 50 to 60% of the oocytes underwent nuclear maturation without cumulus expansion during 75h of IVM. The rest of the oocytes were arrested at metaphase I (40-50%) in the presence of the inhibitors. In Experiment II, the OCCs were exposed to the drugs only for 15h to examine translation and transcription inhibitors on cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation. Transcription inhibitors for 15h did not arrest meiotic maturation when the oocytes were cultured for subsequent, necessary period of IVM, whereas cumulus expansion was completely inhibited, suggesting that initial 15h is critical transcription activity far cumulus expansion. Translation inhibitors for 15h exposure did not alter cumulus expansion and meiotic maturation during subsequent culture in the absence of the drugs. In Experiment III, the OCCs were exposed to the drugs only for later 30h to examine the influence of transcription and translation inhibitors on oocyte maturation. Interestingly, all meiotic maturation underwent normally with full expansion of cumulus. Similar results were obtained from Experiment IV where 5h of exposure from 15 to 20h of IVM culture to the drugs was performed and subsequently cultured for same period in fresh medium. Taken there results together, both transcription and translation are necessary for nuclear maturation and cumulus expansion, and first 15h IVM for cumulus expansion is critical. The arrested oocytes by the drugs were still capable of undergoing nuclear maturation, although cumulus expansion was affected.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.491-496
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• 2006

This study was focused on the pork market analysis of the Philippines and the export prospect of Korean pork to the Philippines. The main results are as follows; first, the Philippines have relied on import some quantity of pork consumption every year because climate condition is unfavorable for pig raising and production technologies are undeveloped. Major exporting countries to the Philippines are Germany, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Holland. Second, Korea exported pork of 2,885 tons to the Philippines from Jan. 2004 to Oct. 2004. It was 5.7% of total import pork Third, pork of skinning was 20% higher than the pork of scalding in the consumer price of pork in the Philippines. The consumer price of pork in Korean pork market was 281% in belly, 118% in loin, 106% in leg, 117% in tenderloin higher than the Philippines pork market. Fourth, the export of Korean pork to the Philippines depends on the price of Korean pork market entirely for future, but low grade part of pork and byproducts can be exported to the philippines because consumer price of pork in the Philippines is low compared to Korean pork market.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{(R)}$) supplementation in combination with carbohydrases (composed of enzymes targeted to soybean meal (SBM) dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{(R)}$) to corn-soybean meal based diet (CSD) and complex diet (CD) with a partial replacement of SBM with rape seed meal (RSM) and cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 168 growing pigs averaging $13.18{\pm}1.77kg$ of initial body weight was arranged as a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with main effects of diet types (corn-SBM based diet (CSD) and complex diets (CD; 5% of SBM was replaced with 2.5% of RSM and 2.5% of CSM in diet for phase I (0 to 3 weeks) and 6% of SBM was replaced with 3% of RSM and 3% of CSM in diet for phase II (4 to 7 weeks))) and enzyme supplementation (none and 0.1% of phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% of carbohydrases). The diet with enzyme application were formulated to have a 0.18% unit lower aP than diets without enzyme application. Each treatment had three replicates with 14 pigs per replicate. To determine supplementation effect of phytase and carbohydrases on ileal amino acid digestibility of SBM, RSM and CSM, a total of 18 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; $13.52{\pm}1.24kg$) were assigned to six dietary treatments in the present study. Dietary treatments in metabolic trial included 1) SBM diet, 2) SBM diet+with enzymes (phytase (500 FTU/kg) and carbohydrases at 0.1%, respectively), 3) CSM diet, 4) CSM diet+enzymes, 5) RSM diet and 6) RSM diet+enzymes. During whole experimental period (0 to 7 wks), there was no difference in growth performance between diets (CSD and CD). However, dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved gain/feed ratio (G:F) of growing pigs. During the phase II (4-7 weeks), dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved all fecal nutrient digestibilities (Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)). Dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation improved significantly overall ileal amino acid digestibilities of SBM, RSM and CSM based diets (p<0.05). The simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrases in both of CSD and CD reduced feed cost per kg body weight gain (FCG). Also, results suggest that 2.5 to 3% of RSM and CSM, respectively, might be used as a protein source in growing pig diets without having an adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility and simultaneous phytase and carbohydrases addition improves nutritional value of SBM, RSM and CSM by improving ileal amino acid digestibilities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1599-1607
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• 2004

This study examined the effects of pre-slaughter fasting, chasing stress and chiller ageing on objective meat quality, and their relations to the proteome profile of longissimus muscle using 20 male Korean native black pigs. Treatments were composed of two levels of pre-slaughter feed withdrawal, two levels of pre-slaughter stress and four chiller ageing times. A 15 min chasing stress immediately prior to slaughter significantly (p<0.05) decreased detectable levels of $\mu$-calpain activity during rigor development and chiller ageing, but did not have any direct effect on objective meat quality. On the other hand, pigs fed until the morning of slaughter resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher hunter L* value and cooking loss than those which received an 18 h feed withdrawal prior to slaughter. Cooking loss and hunter L* value were constant during 7 d of chiller ageing, followed by significant increases at 14 d. The fed animals showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher hunter a* value at both 3 and 7 d, while the other group maintained a stable redness for 7 d. WB-shear force was not affected by the pre-slaughter treatments, but had significant (p<0.05) linear reduction from 1 to 7 d. A gelbased proteome analysis was performed on selected animals for low and high hunter L* values at 1 d. Ten and five spots had greater than two-fold spot densities for the low and high hunter L* groups, respectively. The ten spots included chain A, deoxyribounclease I complex with actin, heat shock protein 27 kDa, a protein similar to cardiac $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, and myosin heavy chain, while the five spots included chain A aldehyde dehydrogenase, glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin alpha chain. In general, feeding until the morning of slaughter resulted in more desirable meat color, but appeared to reduce palatability due to increased cooking loss. Proteome analysis demonstrated that various proteins were concomitantly involved in the determination of final meat color. The most noticeable observation in the current study was that various isoforms for a particular protein differed in degradation and/or expression rate depending on meat quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1765-1772
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• 2002

Three experiments were conducted to determine the feed processing method best suited for early and conventionallyweaned pigs, and to investigate the effects of different extrusion temperatures on ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets containing different protein sources. In exp.1, a total of 108 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; 24 d of age and 7.60 kg average body weight) were alloted on the basis of sex, weight and ancestry to three treatments in a randomized complete block design. Feed processing methods used were mash (M), simple pellet (SP), and expanded pellet (EP). In exp. 2, a total of 96 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; 14 d of age) were allotted on the basis of sex, weight, and ancestry to three treatments in a randomized complete block design. Diets were mash (M), expanded pellet (EP), and expanded pellet crumble (EPC). In exp. 3, a study was designed to investigate the effect of different extrusion temperatures (100, 120, and $140^{\circ}C$) over the control (untreated) on the ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets containing protein sources such as spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and fish meal (FM). Results in exp.1 showed that ADG, ADFI and the F/G ratio of pigs fed the SP diet were improved (p<0.05) compared with those fed the M or the EP diets, but the digestibility of nutrients was not different (p>0.05) among the treatments. In exp. 2, pigs fed expanded pellet treatments (EP or EPC) had a significantly improved (p<0.05) F/G ratio compared to the pigs fed the M diet which was primarily attributed to the significant reduction (p<0.05) in ADFI, but the overall growth rate of pigs fed expanded pellet diets was not improved. In exp. 3, there was a significant interaction effect (p<0.05) between the extrusion temperature and protein source on the ileal digestibility of amino acids. With an extrusion temperature of $100^{\circ}C$, the ileal digestibility of Lys, Val, Gly and Ser was significantly lower in the diet containing WPC compared to the diet containing SDPP. Increasing the temperature to $120^{\circ}C$ led to significant differences (p<0.05) in the digestibility of Thr and Tyr between diets containing WPC and SDPP. Regardless of extrusion temperatures, the weaned pigs' diet containing either SDPP or FM had significantly higher Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, and Gly digestibility relative to the WPC diet. Results of the present study suggest that simple pelleting of diets containing protein sources such as whey protein concentrate, spray-dried plasma protein and fish meal would be better than the extruded or expanded pellet diets. Extruder or expander processing of weaned pigs' feed could reduce palatability and ileal digestibility of several amino acids and therefore may be responsible for a negative growth response in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.540-547
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of environmentally friendly agents (yucca extract, mineral feed additive, acidifier, nonspecific immunostimulating anionic alkali solution) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 125 pigs were allotted into 5 treatments with 5 replications, 5 pigs per pen in a completely randomized block design. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) control: basal diet, 2) YE: basal diet+120 mg/kg of yucca extract, 3) MFA: basal diet+50 mg/kg of mineral feed additive, 4) NIS: basal diet+3% of NIS (nonspecific immunostimulating anionic alkali solution), and 5) Acidifier: basal diet+0.5% of acidifier (organic acid complex). During the growing phase of the feeding trial, There were no significant differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (F/G) among treatments, but the Acidifier group showed higher average daily gain (ADG) than the MFA group (p<0.05). During the finishing phase, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments, however YE supplementation increased ADG and F/G by 3.1 and 6.15%, respectively, when compared to control group. Proximate nutrients (dry matter, DM; crude protein, CP; crude ash, CA; crude fat, CF; gross energy, GE; calcium, Ca and phosphorus, P) digestibility did not show any significant differences among the treatments. And there were no significant differences in DM, N and P excretion as well. The supplementation of environmentally friendly agents tended to increase carcass weight compared to control group. Pigs fed MFA showed significantly heavier (p<0.05) carcass weight than those fed control or Acidifier diets. Addition of these agents except for NIS to diet for growing-finishing pigs caused a similar feed cost/kg weight gain than control group. Therefore, present study suggested that the optimum environmentally friendly agent would be yucca extracts, considering the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion, carcass characteristics and feed cost in growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cupric citrate (Cu-citrate) relative to cupric sulfate $(CuSO_4)$ as a Cu source for weanling and grow-finish pigs. In addition, the use of liver and bile Cu concentrations as indices of the bioavailability of Cu sources was investigated. Experiment one consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.4 kg, final BW=21.4 kg) followed by a grow-finish phase (103 d; initial BW=21.5 kg, final BW=111.7 kg). Experiment two only consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.3 kg, final BW=18.6 kg). Dietary treatments were identical for both experiments and consisted of: control (10 ppm $CuSO_4$); control+66 or 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; control+33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu-citrate. An antibiotic was included in diets for Exp. 1 but not Exp. 2. In both experiments, growth performance variables were similar for pigs receiving Cu-citrate and $CuSO_4$; however, growth performance was not improved by high concentrations of $CuSO_4$. Liver and bile Cu were increased (p<0.05) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; however, lower dietary concentrations of Cu from either $CuSO_4$ or Cu-citrate did not affect the Cu concentration of liver or bile relative to that observed in the control pigs. Irrespective of Cu source, there was no linear (p>0.10) increase in plasma Cu with increasing Cu concentrations in the diet for both experiments. However, the plasma Cu concentrations were highest (p<0.10) in pigs receiving diets supplemented with 225 ppm $CuSO_4$. Sixteen randomly chosen pigs per treatment in Exp. 1 were continued through the grow-finish phase. Body weight gain and feed intake were improved (p<0.10) by 66 ppm $CuSO_4$, but other dietary Cu treatments did not alter pig performance compared to the control diet. Plasma Cu concentrations were increased (p<0.10) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ in the growing phase and by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ and 100 ppm Cu-citrate in the finishing phase. These data reveal no consistent effect of $CuSO_4$ on performance; therefore, it is difficult to assess the efficacy of these two Cu sources. In addition, these studies demonstrate that liver and bile Cu are not good indicators of Cu bioavailability in pigs fed adequate to pharmacological concentrations of Cu.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2007

Four hundred and fifty tilapias ($6.77{\pm}0.23$ g) were assigned randomly to six groups to evaluate the feasibility of the tested antibacterial peptides (ABPs) and oligosaccharides as substitutes for antibiotics. The control group was fed with a commercial tilapia diet; other five groups were fed with the same commercial diet supplemented with konjac glucomannan (KGLM), cluster bean galactomannan (CBGAM), and three animal intestinal ABPs derived from chicken, pig and rabbit at 100 mg/kg respectively. After 21 days of feeding, growth, disease resistance, and in vivo anti-adherence were determined. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of tested agents on adhesion of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (A.vbs) strain BJCP-5 to tilapia enteric epithelia in vitro was assessed by cell-ELISA system. As a result, the tested agents supplemented at 100 mg/kg show significant benefit to tilapia growth and disease resistance (p<0.05), and the benefit may be correlated with their interfering in the contact of bacteria with host mucosal surface. Although none of the tested agents did inhibit the growth of BJCP-5 in tryptic soy broth at $100{\mu}g/ml$, all of them did inhibit the adhesion of A.vbs to tilapia enteric epithelia in vivo and in vitro. In vitro mimic assays show that three ABPs at low concentrations of $25{\mu}g/ml$ and $2.5{\mu}g/ml$ have the reciprocal dose-dependent anti-adherence effect. The inhibition of ABPs may be correlated with a cation bridging and/or receptor-ligand binding, but not with hydrophobicity. The KGLM and CBGAM inhibited the adherence of BJCP-5 to tilapia enteric epithelia with dose-dependent manner in vitro, and this may be through altering bacterial hydrophobicity and interfering with receptor-ligand binding. Our results indicate that the anti-adherence of the tested ABPs and oligosaccharides may be one of the mechanisms in promoting tilapia growth and resistance to A.vbs.