• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

Although retinoic acid has been known as either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecule, depending on the cell type, its exact role in mature human neutrophils has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigate the effects of retinoic acid on neutrophil apoptosis and the associated mechanism and found that 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA) significantly inhibits the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils. Its effect is increased by co-treatment with $TNF-\alpha$ (P<0.05). The 9CRA-induced inhibition is blocked by the following enzyme inhibitors: Ly 294002, phosphoinoside (PI)-3 kinase inhibitor, U73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, PP2, Src family protein inhibitor, SB202190, p38 MAPK inhibitor, and BAY-11-7085, NF-kB inhibitor. This study also demonstrates that all-trans retinoic acid suppresses spontaneous apoptosis, similar to the mechanism of inhibition exhibited by 9CRA. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK decreases by 9CRA treatment. $Ik-B{\alpha}$ is degraded until 30 minutes after a time-dependent 9CRA treatment, but degradation can be inhibited by Ly 294002. These results indicate that 9CRA decreases p38 MAPK activation, induces NF-kB activation via PI-3 kinase, and also blocks cleavage of caspase 3. As these findings suggest, 9CRA has a molecular mechanism which may help pro-inflammatory response by blocking neutrophil apoptosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 혈관내피세포에서 저농도의 트롬빈이 TNF-$\alpha$가 NF-kB의 활성화를 통해 생성되는 IL-6의 생성량에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. TNF-$\alpha$는 혈관내피세포에서 NF-kB의 활성화를 통해 염증을 유발시킨다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이 논문에서는 TNF-$\alpha$가 매개하는 염증작용에서 저농도의 트롬빈은 TNF-$\alpha$가 생성시키는 IL-6의 생성량을 감소시켰고, 여기에는 트롬빈의 수용체인 PAR-1이 작용하다는 것을 확인하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 세포내의 PI3-Kinase 역시 저농도 트롬빈이 관여한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이것은 저농도의 트롬빈이 수용체인 PAR-1을 활성화시키고, 활성화된 PAR-1 은 PI3-Kinase의 활성화을 통해 항염증작용을 보여준디는 것을 의미한다. 이 결과는 향후 중증 패혈증 및 각종 염증질환을 치료할 수 있는 신약개발에 있어 중요한 단서를 제공하고 혈관내피세포에서 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않은 트롬빈의 염증작용 및 항염증작용의 기전을 밝히는데 좋은 정보를 제공할 것이다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.641-647
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• 2017

Galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a polyphenolic compound abundant in honey and medicinal herbs, such as Alpinia officinarum. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of galangin under in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammatory conditions caused by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a viral mimic dsRNA analog. Galangin suppressed the production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in poly(I:C)-stimulated BV2 microglia. On the other hand, galangin enhanced anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 production. Galangin also suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in poly(I:C)-injected mouse brains. Further mechanistic studies showed that galangin inhibited poly(I:C)-induced nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activity and phosphorylation of Akt without affecting MAP kinases. Interestingly, galangin increased the expression and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-${\gamma}$, known to play an anti-inflammatory role. To investigate whether PPAR-${\gamma}$ is involved in the anti-inflammatory function of galangin, BV2 cells were pre-treated with PPAR-${\gamma}$ antagonist before treatment of galangin. We found that PPAR-${\gamma}$ antagonist significantly blocked galangin-mediated upregulation of IL-10 and attenuated the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in poly(I:C)-stimulated microglia. In conclusion, our data suggest that PI3K/Akt, NF-${\kappa}B$, and PPAR-${\gamma}$ play a pivotal role in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of galangin in poly(I:C)-stimulated microglia.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2014

Purpose: Triphala is a combination of three medicinal plants, extensively used in Ayurveda since ancient times. Triphala mouthwash is used in the treatment of periodontal diseases because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of triphala mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine in hospitalized periodontal disease patients. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial, 120 patients were equally divided into three groups. Patients in group A were advised to rinse their mouths with 10 mL of distilled water, group B with 0.2% chlorhexidine, and group C with triphala mouthwash for 1 minute twice daily for two weeks. The plaque index (PI) and the gingival index (GI) were recorded on the first and the fifteenth day. Results: There was no significant difference when the efficacy of triphala was compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine in hospitalized patients with periodontal disease. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in PI and GI when both group B and group C were compared with group A and also within groups B and C, after 15 days (P<0.05). Conclusions: The triphala mouthwash (herbal) is an effective antiplaque agent like 0.2% chlorhexidine. It is significantly useful in reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation, thereby controlling periodontal diseases in every patient. It is also cost effective, easily available, and well tolerable with no reported side effects.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.1858-1865
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 위성통신용 IP 모뎀부를 설계 및 구현하였다. 위성 IP모뎀을 위성 의 전송 대역폭, 통신 효율성 등을 고려하여 0.2%의 오버헤드, $E_b/N_o=6dB$에서 $BER=10^{-5}$, 8KHz의 주파수 보정, 1536Kbps 데이터율, 140MHz의 IF 주파수를 갖도록 설계하였다. 설계된 시스템은 시뮬레이션을 통하여 검증하고 MPC86x 통신 프로세서, TMS320C6416 DSP, FPGA 등으로 모듈구조로 구현하여 개발시간의 단축과 성능개선이 용이한 장점을 갖고있다. IP 연동 및 다중 처리를 위한 임베디드 OS로 리눅스를 이용하여 모뎀의 각 하드웨어 에 대한 디바이스 드라이버를 설계하였다. 개발된 하드웨어는 위성 채널 시뮬레이터로 시험하여 검증하였다. 제안된 IP 모뎀은 휴대형으로 설계 되어 어느 곳에서든지 Internet 통신환경을 제공할 수 있다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2019

Depression is a major mood disorder. Abnormal expression of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is associated with depression. Schisantherin B (STB) is one bioactive of lignans isolated from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill which has been commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. This paper was designed to investigate the effects of STB on depressive mice induced by forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, we also assessed the impairment of FST on cognitive function in mice with different ages. FST and open field test (OFT) were used for assessing depressive symptoms, and Y-maze was used for evaluating cognition processes. Our study showed that STB acting as an antidepressant, which increased GLT-1 levels by promoting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Although the damage is reversible, short-term learning and memory impairment caused by FST test is more serious in the aged mice, and STB also exerts cognition improvement ability in the meanwhile. Our findings suggested that STB might be a promising therapeutic agent of depression by regulating the GLT-1 restoration as well as activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1115-1122
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• 2021

Rotavirus (RV), as the main cause of diarrhea in children under 5 years, contributes to various childhood diseases. Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a traditional Chinese herb and possesses antiviral effects. In this study we investigated the potential mechanisms of V. jatamansi Jones in RV-induced diarrhea. MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation and the diarrhea mice model was constructed using SA11 infection. Mice were administered V. jatamansi Jones and ribavirin. Diarrhea score was used to evaluate the treatment effect. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect the level of cytokines. Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR were used to determine protein and mRNA levels, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to detect the pathological change of the small intestine. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was conducted to determine the apoptosis rate. The results showed V. jatamansi Jones promoted MA104 proliferation. V. jatamansi Jones downregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) in protein level, which was consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. Moreover, V. jatamansi Jones combined with ribavirin regulated interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon γ, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-10, and suppressed secretory immunoglobulin A secretion to remove viruses and inhibit dehydration. V. jatamansi Jones + ribavirin facilitated the apoptosis of small intestine cells. In conclusion, V. jatamansi Jones may inhibit RV-induced diarrhea through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and could therefore be a potential therapy for diarrhea.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.3160-3169
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• 1973

Rainfall, evaporation, and permeability of water are the most important factors in determining the demand of water. The Daegu area has only a meteorologi observatory and there is not sufficient data for adapting the advanced method for derivation of the estimated of evaporation in the Daegu area. However, by using available data, the writer devoted his great effort in deriving the most reasonable formula applicable to the Daegu area and it is adaptable for various purposes such as industry and estimation of groundwater etc. The data used in this study was the monthly amount of evaporation of the Daegu area for the past 13 years(1960 to 1970). A year can be divided into two groups by relative degrees of evaporation in this area: the first group (less evaporation) is January, February, March, October, November, and December, and the second (more evaporation) is April, May, June, July, August, and September. The amount of evaporation of the two groups were statistically treated by the theory of probability for derivation of estimated formula of evaporation. The formula derved is believed to fully consider. The characteristic hydrological environment of this area as the following shows: log(x＋3)=0.8963＋0.1125$\xi$..........(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 month) log(x-0.7)=0.2051＋0.3023$\xi$..........(1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12 month) This study obtained the above formula of probability of the monthly evaporation of this area by using the relation: $F_(x)=\frac{1}{{\surd}{\pi}}\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\xi}e^{-\xi2}d{\xi}\;{\xi}=alog_{\alpha}({\frac{x_0+b'}{x_0+b})\;(-b<x<{\infty})$ $$log(x_0＋b)=0.80961$ $$\frac{1}{a}=\sqrt{\frac{2N}{N-1}}\;Sx=0.1125$$ $$b=\frac{1}{m}\sum\limits_{i-I}^{m}b_s=3.14$$ $$S_x=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i-I}^{N}\{log(x_i+b)\}^2-\{log(x_i+b)\}^2}=0.0791$$ (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 month) This formula may be advantageously applied to estimation of evaporation in the Daegu area. Notation for general terms has been denoted by following: $W_(x)$: probability of occurance. $$W_(x)=\int_x^{\infty}f(x)dx$$ P : probability $$P=\frac{N!}{t!(N-t)}{F_i^{N-{\pi}}(1-F_i)^l$$ $$F_{\eta}:\; Thomas\;plot\;F_{\eta}=(1-\frac{n}{N+1})$$ $X_l\;X_i$: maximun, minimum value of total number of sample size(other notation for general terms was used as needed)

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.2733-2737
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• 2014

A series of pyrazolyl thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity using the maximal electroshock (MES) method. Interestingly, all compounds prepared showed long duration of protection effect in the MES screens. Among them, compound 5b was considered as the most promising one with an $ED_{50}$ value of 47.3 mg/kg, and a PI value of 4.8, which was superior to phenobarbital and valproate in the aspect of safety. Furthermore, compound 5b showed protection against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole suggesting that compound 5b may exert anticonvulsant activity through GABA-mediated mechanisms.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2017

Mononuclear osteoclast precursors derived from hematopoietic progenitors fuse together and then become multinucleated mature osteoclasts by macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL). Especially, the binding of RANKL to its receptor RANK provides key signals for osteoclast differentiation and bone-resorbing function. RANK transduces intracellular signals by recruiting adaptor molecules such as TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs), which then activate mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Src/PI3K/Akt pathway, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) and finally amplify NFATc1 activation for the transcription and activation of osteoclast marker genes. This review will briefly describe RANKL-RANK signaling pathways and key molecules critical for osteoclast differentiation.