• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.247-249
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• 1997

Seed protein and oil content is important trait in the soybean. Both seed protein and oil content in this plant species is inherited quantitatively. A 68-plant $F_2$ segregation population derived from a mating between Mercury and PI 467.468 was evaluated with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to identify QTL related to seed protein and oil content. Marker OPB12 was found to be associated with differences in seed protein content. Four markers, OPA09b, OPM07b, OPC14, and OPN11b had highly significant effects on seed oil content. By interval mapping, the interval between marker OPK3c and OPQ1b on linkage group 13 contained a QTL that explained 25.7% variation for seed oil content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1994

Temporal changes in growth performances, chlorophyll contents, and tissue water relations for determining their physiological responses of five economic tree species subjected to chronic water and nutrition stresses were investigated with containerized seedlings grown in different soil moisture regimes and nutrition levels. Seedlings of Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla were propagated in plastic pots(I.D. $16cm{\times}Depth$ 16cm) for the experiments. The seedlings were subjected to two soil moisture regimes of dry and wet soils and two nutrition levels of fertilization with N+P+K and no fertilization through the growing season from May to September in a green house. For the purpose of analyzing their responses to the environmental stresses, seedling heights and root collar diameters, chlorophyll contents, and P-V curve parameters of the seedlings were measured in May, July, and September. The environmental stresses coming from moisture and nutrient deficits affected the growth performances of seedlings variously among species and among different growing periods, as well as between height and basal diameter growth of seedlings. The growth performances of Q. acutissima were influenced sensitively on the stresses, but those of Q. mongolica less influenced in comparison with other species. Chlorophyll contents were generally higher in Quercus spp. than F. rhynchophylla through the growing season. The chlorophyll contents changed by species and by treatment through the season within ranges of 0.14~1.96 mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll a and within 0.16~1.79mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll b, respectively. But the contents seemed to be decreased gradually through the chronic environmental stresses and leaf senescence. The osmotic potential at full turgor(${\Psi}{{\pi}o}$) and turgor loss point(${\Psi}{\pi}p$) had temporarily declined up to 3 to 5bars from -7.0~-12.4bars in May to -10.2~-17.5bars in September and up to 5 to 6bars from -7.6~-14.2bars in May to -12.9~-20.4bars in September, respectively, with some exceptions. The values of ${\Psi}{\pi}p$ were generally high in F. rhynchophylla in May and July, but high in Q. serrata in September. Relative water contents at turgor loss point(RWCp) were generally high in F. rhynchophylla, but the temporal changes of RWCp were quite and frequently different among species and among treatment.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.263-293
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• 2013

Die vorliegende Abhandlung beachtet die methodologische $N{\ddot{u}}tzlichkeit$ der Dialektik $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die philosophische $Wissenschaftst{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ des Aristoteles in einer besonderen Aufmerksamkeit auf den Begriff "${\delta}{\iota}{\alpha}{\pi}o{\rho}{\varepsilon}{\iota}{\nu}$". Bei Aristoteles bedeutet "${\delta}{\iota}{\alpha}{\pi}o{\rho}{\varepsilon}{\iota}{\nu}$" 'das durchaus $gr{\ddot{u}}ndliche$ Untersuchen einer Aporie', und eine solche Untersuchungsweise folgt der Dialektik. Deshalb beabsichtige ich zuerst, durch eine Begriffsanalyse und - interpretation von "${\delta}{\iota}{\alpha}{\pi}o{\rho}{\varepsilon}{\iota}{\nu}$" die dialektische Aporetik zu bestimmen als eine Argumentationsmethode nicht nur in einer dialogischen, sondern auch in einer nicht-dialogischen Situation. Besonders will ich einen methodologischen Grund $daf{\ddot{u}}r$ suchen, dass ein allein Forschender in der nicht-dialogischen Situation die dialektische Aporetik verwendet, indem ich einen Text von "De caelo" II 13, 294b 6~13 interpretiere. $N{\ddot{a}}mlich$ betont Aristoteles in Bezug auf den Durchgang der $Wissenschaftst{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ eine Forderung der selbstkritischen Haltung, die der allein Forschende sich selbst seine Untersuchung in $R{\ddot{u}}cksicht$ auf die anderen Untersuchungen und auch auf die vorhersehbaren Hypothesen ${\ddot{u}}berpr{\ddot{u}}fen$ und verifizieren, um die aus seiner Untersuchung zu entdeckenden Aporien auf die dialektische Weise zu $l{\ddot{o}}sen$. Und diese Position von Aristoteles kann der wichtige Grund $daf{\ddot{u}}r$ sein, den fachsprachlichen Sinn von "${\delta}{\iota}{\alpha}{\pi}o{\rho}{\varepsilon}{\iota}{\nu}$" als auch den wissenschaftlichen Sinn der dialektischen Untersuchung der Aporie richtig verstehen und $erkl{\ddot{a}}ren$ zu $k{\ddot{o}}nnen$. Zuletzt bin ich in der Absicht, die dialektische Aporetik und ihre Funktion in drei Modeln zu formulieren und einige Beispiele $f{\ddot{u}}r$ jedes Model vorzustellen, um zu zeigen, auf welche Art und Weise Aristoteles die dialektische Aporetik $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den Lauf seiner Theoriebildung in der Tat anwendet. Durch solchen Versuch $w{\ddot{u}}nsche$ ich, dass meine Untersuchung ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die dialektische Aporetik etwas besseres $Verst{\ddot{a}}ndnis$ $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die wissenschaftliche Bedeutung der aristotelischen Dialektik anbieten $k{\ddot{o}}nnte$, und auch dass diese Studie als bedeutsame Basisdaten zu einer noch tieferen Forschung und $Verst{\ddot{a}}ndigung$ ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die philosophische Haltung und Methode des Aristoteles betrachtet werden $k{\ddot{o}}nnte$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2013

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is one of the important immune-inhibitory molecules which was expressed in T cells, B cells, NKT cells, and macrophages activated by various immune activating factors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the crucial immunogens for PD-1 expression. However, there are only a few reports on the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in innate immune cells. In this study, we investigate the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cell lines by RT-PCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry as well as ChIP assay and co-immunoprecipitation. When Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS, PD-1 expression was greatly up-regulated via PI3K and p38 signaling. Primary macrophages isolated from LPS-injected mice were also shown the increased expression of PD-1. In promoter assay, NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 binding regions in mouse PD-1 promoter are important for PD-1 expression. We also found that the co-activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 is indispensable for the maximum PD-1 expression. These results indicate that the modulation of PD-1 expressed in innate immune cells could be a crucial for the disease therapy such as LPS-induced mouse sepsis model.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.463-470
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• 2023

Desmarestia tabacoides Okamura is a brown macroalgae that is found worldwide. Although several genera of Desmarestia have been reported as having anti-tumorigenic, anti-melanogenic, and photoprotective properties, the anti-inflammatory activity of D. tabacoides Okamura has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of D. tabacoides Okamura ethanol extract (DTEE) via the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E₂ production and the expression of their corresponding enzymes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. In addition, their upstream signaling molecules were evaluated by Western blot analysis, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The DTEE treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE₂ production as well as the expression of their corresponding enzymes, iNOS, and COX-2 without cytotoxicity. The stimulated transcription factor NF-κB and upstream signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were attenuated by the DTEE treatment, which was statistically significant, while Akt did not provide any inhibitory effect. Moreover, the DTEE treatment significantly mitigated the LPS-activated adaptor molecules, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) in the RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that DTEE attenuates TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB activation and suppressing MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2010

Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate ($PIP_3$) is a lipid second messenger that employs a wide range of downstream effector proteins for the regulation of cellular processes, including cell survival, polarization and proliferation. One of the most well characterized cytoplasmic targets of $PIP_3$, serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, promotes cell survival by directly interacting with nucleophosmin (NPM)/B23, the nuclear target of $PIP_3$. Here, we report that nuclear $PIP_3$ competes with Akt to preferentially bind B23 in the nucleoplasm. Mutation of Arg23 and Arg25 in the PH domain of Akt prevents binding to $PIP_3$, but does not disrupt the Akt/B23 interaction. However, treatment with phosphatases PTEN or SHIP abrogates the association between Akt and B23, indicating that nuclear $PIP_3$ regulates the Akt/B23 interaction by controlling the concentration and subcellular dynamics of these two proteins.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 1995

The purpose of the present study was to understand the pathogenesis of infections in piglets inoculated with C parvum isolated from mice alone and combined with porcine rotavirus (S-80). Thirteen 10-day piglets were divided in four groups; Three, A group, were only given by C parvum. Four, B group, were orally administrated with firstly porcine rotavirus and then C patvum. Three, C group, were orally inoculated with porcine rotavirus alone. The rest, D group, were used as controls. During the experiment, there were daily recorded clinical signs including diarrhea to each pig. According to the periodic intervals for necropsy, all pigs were sacrificed from 4 to 12 days after the final inoculation of C parvum. Location and distribution of two pathogens, C parvum and rotavirus, in the intestinal mucosa of piglets tested were examined by pathological and immunohistological means. In addition, parasitological test using the feces of piglets was applied for the detection of cryptosporidial oocysts as well. A group showed diarrhea from 4 to 6 days post-inoculation(PI) and also discharged C parvum oocysts in feces during the day 4 to 7 PI. In tissue sections of jejunum and ileum, cryptosporidial oocysts were observed a few on the top of villi with slightly fusion. B group represented sign of diarrhea and discharge of oocysts from 2 to 11 days PI. There were some cryptosporidial oocysts both in the jejunal lumen and in the lumen of mucosal glands. As progressed, oocysts were most commonly distributed on the tip of villi of jejunum. Histopathologically there were also mild to moderately fused, attenuated focal desquamated, congested villi and mononuclear cell infiltration of varying degrees in the lamina propria of small intestine and colon at the day 4 and 7 PI. C group showed slightly to mildly attenuated and fused top of villi and mildly mucosal congestion. D group as controls was grossly and histopathologically normal in all parts of intestine. The present results indicate that the piglets inoculated with C parvum only are certainly milder in pathogenesis including duration of clinical course and severity of lesion than those in piglets concurrently infected with porcine rotavirus and C parvum. Also the strain (VRI-CN91) of C parvum used in the study has very low pathogenicity to occur enteritis of piglets.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.443-455
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• 2020

The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays critical roles in regulating intracellular redox levels and defending organisms against oxidative stress. Recent studies indicated that Trx reductase (TrxR) was overexpressed in various types of human cancer cells indicating that the Trx-TrxR system may be a potential target for anti-cancer drug development. This study investigated the synergistic effect of auranofin, a TrxR-specific inhibitor, on sulforaphane-mediated apoptotic cell death using Hep3B cells. The results showed that sulforaphane significantly enhanced auranofin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting TrxR activity and cell proliferation compared to either single treatment. The synergistic effect of sulforaphane and auranofin on apoptosis was evidenced by an increased annexin-V-positive cells and Sub-G1 cells. The induction of apoptosis by the combined treatment caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and upregulation of Bax. In addition, the proteolytic activities of caspases (-3, -8, and -9) and the degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, a substrate protein of activated caspase-3, were also higher in the combined treatment. Moreover, combined treatment induced excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS scavenger, reduced combined treatment-induced ROS production and apoptosis. Thereby, these results deduce that ROS played a pivotal role in apoptosis induced by auranofin and sulforaphane. Furthermore, apoptosis induced by auranofin and sulforaphane was significantly increased through inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that down-regulation of TrxR activity contributed to the synergistic effect of auranofin and sulforaphane on apoptosis through ROS production and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2013

Hesperidin (HES), a flavonone glycoside isolated from the citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges, has been reported to have many biological properties including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiallergy activities. In this study, we focused on the action of HES modulating Th2-associated cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 expression in PMA/ionomycin (PI)-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. The production of IL-4 and IL-13 was quantified by ELISA and the mRNA expression was detected by using RT-PCR assay. In addition, western blot analysis was performed to determine the transcription factors involved in the cytokine expression. We found that HES significantly decreased PI-induced IL-4 and IL-13 productions and also decreased the level of mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot analysis of the transcription factors implied that HES down-regulated the protein level of c-Jun and c-Fos, which are the activating protein 1 (AP-1) family and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) characterized as a transcription factors related to the Th2-associated cytokine expression. Taken together, our data showed that the action of HES responsible for antiallergy activities is based on suppression of Th2-associated cytokines through inhibition of AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ transcription factors.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.11.2-11.2
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• 2011

Polymer based organic photovoltaics have attracted a great deal of attention due to the potential cost-effectiveness of light-weight and flexible solar cells. However, most BHJ polymer solar cells are not thermally stable as subsequent exposure to heat drives further development of the morphology towards a state of macrophase separation in the micrometer scale. Here we would like to show three different approaches for developing new electroactive polymers to improve the thermal stability of the BHJ solar cells, which is a critical problem for the commercialization of these solar cells. For one of the examples, we report a new series of functionalized polythiophene (PT-x) copolymers for use in solution processed organic photovoltaics (OPVs). PT-x copolymers were synthesized from two different monomers, where the ratio of the monomers was carefully controlled to achieve a UV photo-crosslinkable layer while leaving the ${\pi}-{\pi}$ stacking feature of conjugated polymers unchanged. The crosslinking stabilizes PT-x/PCBM blend morphology preventing the macro phase separation between two components, which lead to OPVs with remarkably enhanced thermal stability. The drastic improvement in thermal stabilities is further characterized by microscopy as well as grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS). In the second part of talk, we will discuss the use of block copolymers as active materials for WOLEDs in which phosphorescent emitter isolation can be achieved. We have exploited the use of triarylamine (TPA) oxadiazole (OXA) diblock copolymers (TPA-b-OXA), which have been used as host materials due to their high triplet energy and charge-transport properties enabling a balance of holes and electrons. Organization of phosphorescent domains in TPA-b-OXA block copolymers is demonstrated to yield dual emission for white electroluminescence. Our approach minimizes energy transfer between two colored species by site isolation through morphology control, allowing higher loading concentration of red emitters with improved device performance. Furthermore, by varying the molecular weight of TPA-b-OXA and the ratio of blue to red emitters, we have investigated the effect of domain spacing on the electroluminescence spectrum and device performance.