• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1102-1108
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• 2003

We studied the effects of phytolaccosides, saponins from Phytolacca americana, on the intestinal absorption of heparin in vitro and in vivo. The absorption enhancing activity of these compounds (phytolaccosides B, $D_2$, E, F, G and I) was determined by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the transport amount of heparin disaccharide, the major repeating unit of heparin, across Caco-2 cell monolayers. With the exception of phytolaccoside G, all of them decreased TEER values and increased the permeability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In vitro, phytolaccosides B,$D_2$, and E showed significant absorption enhancing activities, while effects by phytolaccoside F and I were mild. In vivo, phytolaccoside E increased the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time, indicating that phytolaccoside E modulated the transport of heparin in intestinal route. Our results suggest that a series of phytolaccosides from Phytolacca americana can be applied as pharmaceutical excipients to improve the permeability of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs having difficulty in absorption across the intestinal epithelium.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 1979

Antiinflammatory action of phytolaccosides B and E isolated from the roots of Phytolacca americana was investigated and compared with that of aescin. Phytolaccoside B, when it was administered intravenously, exerted a potent inhibitory effect on the transudation caused by absorptive sponge pellet implanted s.c. in rats and on carrageenin induced edema in rats. Phytolaccoside E showed a weaker action than Phytolaccoside B did. Hemolytic potency of the saponins was decreased in the order of aescin, phytolaccosides B and E showing a same tendency as in antiinflammatory action. The experimental result suggests that the mode of action of phytolaccosides is the same as that of aescin.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10b
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• pp.234.1-234
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• 1997

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.183.2-184
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.507-514
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• 1998

The effects of media and elicitors on betalain, phytolaccoside G and D2 production were examined in the hairy roots of Phytolacca esculenta van Houtte induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens $A_4$T. Phytolaccoside G and D2 from Phytolacca hairy roots PEH2 were identified by TLC, HPLC, IR, Mass, $^1$H-NMR, and ^(13)C-NMR. Among the culture media tested, SH medium was the best for hairy root growth of hairy roots. White medium was the most suitable medium for betalain production, while MS medium was for phytolaccoside G and D2 production. Although the growth of hairy roots was supped by light (1,000 Lux), the production of betalain, phytolaccoside G and D2 was enhanced by the same light treatment. Addition of elicitors such as NaF, chitosan, and yeast extract to the culture medium increased the content of betalain, phytolaccoside G and D2, suggesting the importance of culture condition for the production of those componds.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 1976

Steroid and terpenoid constituents of 3 species of genus Phytolacca have been examined by TLC. All contained ${\alpha}$-spinasterol, its glucoside and acylated glucoside, jaligonic acid and its methylester, esculentic acid and its methylester, and 10 phytolaccosides. Jaligonic acid was the major free triterpenoid and phytolaccoside E was the major saponin in all plants. Bayogenin, oleanolic acid, spergulagenic acid, acinosolic acid, hederogenin, and their derivatives contained in other Phytolacca spp. were not found in these plants.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1976

Ten saponins named phytolaccoside $A{\sim}I$ and O were separated and shown to contain only $_D-glucose$ as sugar except phytolaccoside A which contains only $_D-xylose$. Phytolaccagenic acid was found to be a genin for phytolaccosides A and D, phytolaccagenin for B, E and F, jaligonic acid for G, and esculentic acid for C, H, I and O, respectively. The total saponin fraction exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity.