• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2014

Most human bones of Joseon Dynasty period are so good condition that we can do research in physical anthropology, genetics and chemistry with them. In this study, we analyzed DNA typing using 6 human bones of Joseon dynasty period excavated at Janggi-dong, Gimpo. The DNA typing was mitochondrial DNA haplotype, Y-chromosome haplotype and sex determination. Prior to DNA analysis, we distinguished histological index of 6 human bones. As the result of mitochondrial DNA analysis, most of bones were confirmed as haplogroup G, R11, M7, A5, etc. As the result of sex determination, 4 human bones were female and 2 human bones were male. The male haplogroup was confirmed as haplogroup O by the single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of Y chromosome. For extensive ancient human bone analysis, researchers need to apply a histological index to select ancient human bones and explain a relationship among ancient human bones with various analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

Leonardo da Vinci is remembered as the greatest genius of the Renaissance. He left outstanding achievements as an artist, scientist and inventor, and contributes up to today's science. He ranks the best in a variety of fields, such as botany, mathematics, geology, astronomy, geometry and optics. It has well known that Leonardo is an artist, scientist, inventor and philosopher. And he was a great anatomist that dissected dead bodies and animals directly and left many anatomical drawings. He took an interest in anatomy from the point of view of the artist, which is why the human body structure and function to know the sakes were "ignorant of the anatomy should not be upset." Over time, he became interested in the structure and function of the body, even get the human body in a difficult environment; he dissected many the human bodies directly. His scientific inquiry and infatuation made him as an advanced pioneer for more than 100 years, and got enough level to surpass the artistry. Leonardo left about 1,800 anatomical figures of the muscular, skeletal, vascular, nervous and urogenital system, and they are also very scientific and high artistic achievements. The aim of this article is to take a look at Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical achievements and thoughts. In addition, the goal is to knowledge today's anatomists about Leonardo da Vinci's astonishing achievements as a great pioneer in anatomy.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2017

This report describes a variation of the tendinous slip of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for the great toe. In addition, compositions of the long flexor tendons for all five toes were examined. The tendons of the FDL in the foot were investigated in 66 specimens of embalmed Korean adult cadavers. The tendons of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and the FDL with the lumbrical muscles were cut at the calcaneus and the metatarsophalangeal joints and were removed en bloc specifically to observe the FDL and the FHL tendons of the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe was found bilaterally in the foot of a 52-year-old male. Its prevalence was two of 66 specimens (3.0%). The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe passed forward the great toe, and it constituted the superficial portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendon of the FHL passed forward to constitute the deep portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. Thus, both the tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL composed the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL for the great toe were similar in thickness; thus, each tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL were approximately one-half of the long flexor tendon for the great toe in thickness. The present study demonstrated an anatomical variation of the interconnection between the FHL and the FDL tendons, which will be useful for various surgeries and biomechanical research.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.155-163
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the cusp size and morphological characteristics of permanent mandibular molars in Koreans with reference to the hypoconulid, and to analyze the differences and correlations between both sexes as well as between first and second mandibular molars. We obtained data from dental casts of 110 adults (78 males and 32 females). Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of first and second mandibular molars, the area of five cusps (protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, and hypoconulid), as well as the total cusp area and occlusal table area were measured. Paired t-test was performed to analyze the morphological differences between first and second mandibular molars and the sex differences between both sexes using SPSS program. Crown diameters and cusp areas of mandibular first molars were larger than those of mandibular second molars in both sexes. The hypoconulid was the most variable in size and morphological pattern among the five cusps, and the first molars showed a higher incidence of hypoconulid than the second molars. Except for the entoconid area of the first molar (p=0.06) and the hypoconulid area of the second molar (p=0.24), all other mean values were larger in males than in females, demonstrating a significant sexual dimorphism. These data suggest that the teeth which develop late in ontogeny tend to be smaller in size and more variable in morphological characteristics.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2013

Dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells that form the teeth undergo dynamic changes in cell cycle during tooth development and morphogenesis. Although proliferation has been known as a key event during odontogenesis, the cell cycle phases and their relations with the complicated molecular mechanisms of tooth development are not fully understood yet. This study comparatively examined the expression patterns of Ki-67, cyclin A, and cyclin D1 during tooth development in the mouse incisor and molar in order to identify the cell-cycle characteristics during odontogenesis. We found that Ki-67 and cyclin A were expressed in the proliferating cells in the dental epithelial and mesenchymal tissues at the bud, cap and bell stages. Cycln D1 showed distinct expression in the incisor odontoblast region and the enamel knot, in which Ki-67 nor cyclin A was expressed. Our results provide specific information on the cell cycle phases during tooth development that may provide clues to relate them with the complex odontogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, we suggest that our findings enlightened the previous studies on the incisor odontoblasts and the enamel knot during tooth development.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.132-151
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current status of and suggest future improvement practices for cultural heritage education in primary school. We analyzed a primary school textbook for each of five subjects (Korean, social studies, music, art, physical education), surveyed ten teachers with cultural heritage education experience, and analyzed the results. Based on the results, we made the following five suggestions: First, the goal of cultural heritage education should be expanded to foster citizenship. Second, in cultural heritage education, it is necessary to discuss what should be included in the educational content and to organize the content systematically in connection with the student environment, local community environment, and subject content. Third, cultural heritage education should be linked with sustainable development so that cultural heritage can be passed on from the present generation to future generations. Cultural heritage has characteristics, such as universal values of humanity, that transcend national boundaries, regional identities, dialogue and understanding between civilizations, and sources of creativity, and thus serves as the foundation for sustainable development. Fourth, for the effective implementation of cultural heritage education in schools, it is necessary to develop step-by-step teacher training programs. The success or failure of cultural heritage education in schools depends on teacher training. Fifth, the degree to which cultural heritage education is integrated into the curriculum should be strengthened, allowing learners to be educated so that they can cultivate knowledge and critical thinking about cultural heritage, enjoy and protect it, and connect with a sustainable society.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

Leucocyte extravasation has been known to play an important role in inflammatory reactions including contact dermatitis. Previous studies suggested that CD99 regulates ${\beta}1$ integrin activity and may be a novel therapeutic target molecule for inflammatory diseases. In this study, the effects of CD99-derived peptide, CD99CRIII3, on inflammatory reactions in contact dermatitis mouse model were investigated. CD99CRIII3 decreased ${\beta}1$-integrin activity in human monocytic U937 cells. CD99CRIII3 inhibited the adhesion of U937 monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and their extravasation through human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CD99CRIII3 reduced inflammation in the phorbol myristate acetate-induced contact dermatitis mice in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that CD99CRIII3 suppresses the extravasation of monocytes and inflammatory reactions in the animal model of the contact dermatitis, suggesting that CD99CRIII3 could be a new drug candidate against inflammatory skin diseases.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.151-158
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• 2018

The intervertebral foramen is formed by two adjacent vertebrae and an intervertebral disc. Previous studies examining the foramen have been performed using various methods. The author obtained characteristics of the intervertebral foramen based on silicon mold. The author used 18 cadavers and dissected the lumbar intervertebral foramen. First, positional levels of the spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen were measured. Second, after being removed all tissues covering the intervertebral, bony foramen was filled with melted silicon to mold the cross section. Subsequently, the solidified silicon mold was removed and stamped on a paper. The paper was scanned and analyzed area, perimeter, height and width of the intervertebral foramen on a computer. Area (average, $9.43mm^2$) and perimeter (average, 48.02 mm) did not show any statistical significant pattern for any lumbar vertebral levels. However, the height and width significantly differed at the fifth lumbar vertebra, which had the shortest height (the fifth, 13.00 mm; average, 15.78 mm) and longest width (the fifth, 8.61 mm; average, 7.87 mm), although there were similar patterns in case of area and perimeter of the first to fourth lumbar vertebra. Height had a decrease tendency while width had an increase tendency both from the second to fifth lumbar vertebra. Spinal nerves went through near the intervertebral disc level from the first to fourth lumbar vertebra, although they passed below the disc at the fifth level. This study provides a different view of methodology for the 3-dimensional aspect for the intervertebral foramen. Results of this study may indicate that height and width of the intervertebral foramen changed along all lumbar vertebral levels; nevertheless, area and perimeter of the intervertebral foramen remained constant.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.159-165
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to identify changes of recognition to death before and after observation on the cadaver dissection to paramedical students. This study was done on 472 freshmen using questionnaire survey. Recognition to death questionnaire was consisted of 36 items. Data were collected before and after observation on the cadaver dissection with agreement of subjects. The data were analyzed using SPSS win 24.0. This study showed that recognition to death was significantly increased after observation on the cadaver dissection (3.19 points) than before observation on the cadaver dissection (3.06 points) (p=.000). Especially, anxiety on death was significantly increased (p=.000), and interest in death was significantly increased, too (p=.000). The results of this study suggest that we need positively to encourage observation on the cadaver dissection for paramedical students with providing program to decrease anxiety on death because of not only improving anatomy knowledge but also increasing recognition to death.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Arts Education Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-61
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• 2014

Recently, there is a discussion about culture theory in the area of traffic safety regulation. It has the view that the subject of criticism, etc. by drivers' regulation interpretation, awareness about the danger of regulation violation and nonacceptance of regulation can be changed according to the way drivers' cultural bias was formed. According to the culture theory, fundamental views of the world in particular social relations surrounding individuals, world view or cosmology, are formed and the world view makes an effect on individual behavior and attitude. In this context, cultural cognition and cultural learning theory which are suggested in Christoph Wulf's study on historical-cultural anthropology provide new approach toward this phenomenon. According to his insistence, core mechanisms which can explain cultural cognition and cultural learning are systematized by five things; physical characteristic, mimesis, performance theory, rite and image. The purpose of this research is to investigate the changes by the way Korean people cognize traffic regulations culturally and experiences of traffic regulation violation through the analytic frame of Christoph Wulf's five core mechanisms. To achieve it, cognition of traffic culture was analyzed by analytical phenomenology for drivers who had been educated due to their violation of traffic regulations. Value, lifestyle and practicing methods which are pursued by people work in sociocultural context rather than are influenced by cognitive structure of individuals.