• Information Systems Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.277-288
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• 2001

Of critical importance to the success of any e-commerce site are the two factors: rapid application development and quick response time. A three-tier architecture composed of presentation layer, business layer, and data access layer emerges to allow rapid changes in user interface, business logic, and database structures. Too often, such a logical three-tier architecture is considered as requiring a three-tier physical architecture: Web server, application server, and database server running on separate computers. Contrary to the common belief, a Web stress test reveals that the three-tier logical architecture implemented on a two-tier physical platform guarantees a quicker response time due to the reduction in cross-machine communications. This would lead business firms to economize their spending on e-commerce: increasing the number of physical servers to expedite transaction is not necessarily the best solution. Before selecting a particular hardware configuration, a Web stress test needs to be conducted to compare the relative merits of alternative physical architectures. Together with capacity planning, Web stress test emerges as a powerful tool to build robust, yet economical e-commerce sites.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2024.07a
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• pp.471-478
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• 2024

Effective physical fatigue monitoring is crucial for ensuring the health, safety, and productivity of construction workers, given the physically demanding nature of their work and the challenging environment in which they operate. In recent years, wearable sensors have shown growing potential for physical fatigue monitoring among construction workers. However, such fatigue assessment methods exhibit a significant gap as they often overlook the impact of inter-individual variability, such as differences in height, weight, and body mass index, on physiological signals that indicate physical fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of personal factors in altering physiological responses, thereby improving the reliability and accuracy of fatigue monitoring using wearable physiological sensors. To explore the impact of these inter-individual factors, we experimentally analyzed the relationship between personal characteristics, physiological signals, and physical fatigue. Our findings reveal that although the inter-individual factors may not be directly correlated with fatigue levels, they significantly affect fatigue through their influence on physiological signals. Incorporation of these factors into a random forest predictive model significantly enhanced its predictive performance. Furthermore, integrating personal features with other variables to create new features in the physical fatigue prediction model notably improves its accuracy, highlighting the potential for developing personalized fatigue detection systems.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2024.07a
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• pp.463-470
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• 2024

Recent wearable devices can measure workers' physical and mental stress levels in the workplace, enabling timely interventions or adjustments to improve safety, well-being, and productivity. However, stress is a subjective metric, response and recovery from stress varies depending on the individual's physical condition. This study is a preliminary study to test whether there are relationships between stress and physical conditions (i.e., body compositions) of individual workers. To find the relationship between various body compositions of the participants and their stress levels, Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis were conducted. The results showed a significant relationship between workers' stress level and their body composition. This suggests that by utilizing easily measurable body composition, customized stress monitoring for individual workers can be achieved, contributing to the prevention of construction accidents and the creation of a safer construction site.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the role of the physical environment in task interruptions in the healthcare settings. Many dangerous events such as airplane crash and medical errors are the result of human errors and, these errors are often the result of interruptions during a critical task of professional workers. In fact, the physical environment that determines accessibility and visibility among people affects interruptions significantly, but architectural studies have given little attention to the management of interruptions. Methods: Therefore, the researcher reviewed research literature in other fields to find out how the physical environment affected interruptions. Many studies were from management, human factors, and health care, but few from architecture. First the author examined the impact of interruptions, second described the social context of interruptions and the role of the physical environment. Results: Findings included that description of the physical environment was not very clear in studies from management and human factors, while little work had been done on interruptions in architecture. The author proposed study design that compensated shortcomings of each field by combining approaches from management, human factors, and architecture. Implications: Unit design strategies such as distributed nurse stations can affect interruptions and layout analysis such as space syntax analysis can evaluate visibility and accessibility of floor plans in the preliminary design phase.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2013

A heuristic physical theory of diffraction (PTD) for an acoustic impedance wedge is proposed. This method is based on Ufimtsev's three-dimensional PTD, which is derived for an acoustic soft or hard wedge. We modify the original PTD according to the process of physical optics (or the Kirchhoff approximation) to obtain a 3D heuristic diffraction model for an impedance wedge. In principle, our result is equivalent to Luebbers' model presented in electromagnetism. Moreover, our approach provides a useful insight into the theoretical basis of the existing heuristic diffraction methods. The derived heuristic PTD is applied to an arbitrary impedance polygon, and a simple PTD formula is derived as a supplement to the physical optics formula.

• Architectural research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2015

This study examines the significance of digital fabrication of scaled physical models in the digital design process and highlights the integration of design computing and digital fabrication in architectural education. Advances in CAD/CAM technologies have increasingly influenced building design and construction practices by allowing the production of complex forms that were once difficult to design and construct using traditional technologies. At the advent of digital architecture, schools of architecture introduced digital technologies to their curriculum, focusing more on design computing than digital fabrication, preventing students from completely mastering digital technologies. The significance of digital fabrication for scaled physical models as a design media within the digital design loop is discussed. Two case studies of leading schools of architecture that are successful in building the bridge between both areas are given. These focus on the curricular structure to integrate both areas within design studios. Finally, a curricular structure offering students a balanced approach to these areas of knowledge is proposed based on what was learned from these case studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

Development of the system that has required performance is the most important figure and that is the key of project succeed. In order to perform that, systems engineering has come to the fore as a solution. In each step of system engineering process, particularly, requirement analysis and derivation, logical solution, architecture design step are known to affect many of the function and efficiency. Of these, this paper focus on architecture design. We introduce methodology for physical architecture design by applying DSM(Design Structure Matrix) methodology which is based on result of logical solution from MBSE methodology.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.26
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• pp.121-128
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• 2001

This study deals with 'Sachlichkeit' , as essence of materiality that architectural building materials process, which forms the physical basis for actual building. There have beennu merous researches that deals with various elements that compose architecture, but the emphasis seemed to be concentrated on the meta-physical discussion concerning formal concept. An issue on sachlichkeit as materiality does not necessary mean to mention production process of architecture, rather it is aim of this study to seek possibility to find elements that generate architectural form, through interpreting meaning of materials as substructure generator to make architectural possible. Architectural act can be defined as a process where physical material in life is composed into architecture by the hands of architect. Material used in life is composed into architecture by the hands of architect. Material used in this process basically has neutral characteristic, so 'Sachlichkeit'solely depends on the intentions of architects. This study interprets the intention of architects through the frame of modern-basis proposed by Hilberseimer, and a result architecture is defined as an object projected by architect's subjectivity.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the continuous forms of time and space that work as architectural design principles of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Jewish Memorial). Continuity is divided into two, physical and non-physical attributes. The former extends from small installations to furnitures, finishes, spatial composition, and even spatial networks that complete architecture, and the latter is tied to time, from traditional to historical, developmental, commemorative or memorial elements. They are inherent in architecture as continuous forms. The Jewish Memorial is analyzed by the analysing framework of these two items. The analysis of the two layers can be summarized as follows; physical continuity is found in the space networks of the Memorial's inside and outside, the undulating spaces, the finishes, the small furnitures and installations, the entrances of staircases, the expanded underground of the ground order, and non-physical continuity manifests in the topological variation of spatiality, the morphological development of memorial architecture, the connection of semantic sense of space, and the superposition of historicity and modernity. These forms of continuity do not aestheticize the German enormity history, but make the meaning of the Memorial into non-superficial, in-depth architecture as a monument. Thus, the results of this study show that physical and non-physical continuity should be considered as the important design principles of architecture that makes the Memorial architecture possible.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.2 s.61
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

This study analyzes the place of modem architecture based on the place theory of C. N, Schultz. For applying Schultz's theory to the modern architecture, It is required to examine the modern cityscape, features of inner space of architecture and features of program. By analyzing the avant-garde architecture of Rem Koolhaas on such basis, the potentiality of placeness of modern architecture could be verified and the alternatives would be searched. It is inferred that the placeness features of Rem Koolhaas' public architecture is under the influence of the interpretation of program based on the humane background rather than the physical aspects of surroundings. The inner space shows the non-linear features, the metaphor of city. The obscurity of physical boundary illustrates the flexible features with ambiguous boundary. Consequently, the inner space expresses the surreal atmosphere that doesn't match the purposes of usage of architecture, the traditional concept. The outer shape is recognized as the by-product from the interpretation of internal program rather than it considered the surrounding context. The outer shape has the relatively simple formative shape and contrasts against the complicated inner space by using the non-physical materials. It is found that Koolhaas' architecture doesn't pursue the features of placeness of traditional concept. However, It is inferred that his architecture has the possibility of placeness by attaching the meaning through the social roles of each architecture. It gives the substantial suggestion to the modern architecture that can't easily acquire the placeness of traditional concept due to the environment of modern city.