• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2003

The study was carried out to evaluate the new analytical method of phthalate esters(diethylphthalate, di-n-butylphthalate, butylbenzylphthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate), one of the endocrine disruptors, which were performed by GC/MS-SIM(selected ion monitoring). The phthalate esters were extracted from water samples using solid-phase extraction on $C_{18}$ columns. It investigated that the extraction recovery rate of phthalate esters with different solvents and solvent volume. The optimal solvent was dichloromethane and proper volume of dichloromethane for recovery of phthalate esters was 4 mL. There were good linearities(above $R^2$=0.9975) in the range 0.01~0.50mg/L, and the detection limits were below 0.01~0.03$\mu\textrm{g}$/L. The recovery rates, RSD and MDLs for phthalate esters were 80~114%, 5.0~8.1% and 0.03~0.11$\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. This method shows a good precision of phthalate esters.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2000

The rodent uterotrophic assay is currently recommended as one of the primary in vivo assays far endocrine disrupting chemicals by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (US EPA EDSTAC). Generally, this assay relies on the rapid increase in uterus and vagina weights when exposed to estrogenic compounds. Phthalate esters have been used extensively as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastic products such as PVC films and medical devices. Recently, phthalate esters have been shown to induce endocrine system mediated responses. However, a flew studies have been conducted for the screening of their estrogenic activity. In this study the estrogenic activity of seven phthalate esters, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butylphthalate (DBP), diethylphthalate (DEP), di-n-pentylphthalate (DPF), di-n-propylphthalate (DPrP) and dicyclohexylphthalate (DCHP), was examined in uterotrophic assay. Phthalate esters dissolved in corn oil were administered to ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats by sub-cutaneous injection for three consecutive days. fiats were sacrificed 24h after final treatment, and then uterus and vagina weights were deter mined. All phthalate esters tested in this assay did not change talc uterus and vagina weights at dosage levels up to 200 mg/kg/day treatment. These results demonstrated that phthalate esters did not exhibit estrogenic activity in vivo uterotrophic assay.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2000

Phthalate esters are used extensively as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastic products such as PVC bags and medical devices. Recently, phthalate esters have been shown to induce endocrine system mediated responses. However. only a Jew studies have been conducted for estrogenic activity of phthalate esters. In this study estrogenic activities of seven phthalate esters. butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butylphthalate (DBP), diethylphthalate (DEP), di-n-pentylphthalate (DPP), di-n-propylphthalate (DPrP) and dicyclohexylphthalate (DCHP), were examined in vitro using E-screen assay and competitive binding assay. From the E-screen assay, BBP. DEHP. DBP and DEP showed weak estrogenic activity at the concentration of 5 $\mu\textrm{M}$. The relative proliferative effect (RPE) and the relative proliferative potency (RPP) were 50~70% and 0.01%. respectively, when compared with 500 pM of 17$\beta$-estradiol (E2). In competitive binding assay with the rat uterine estrogen receptor (ER), BBP and DEP showed weak binding potency ［(l/$10^4$~1/$10^5$ of E2］ while DEHP and DBP scarcely bound to ER. These results suggest that some phthalate esters have weak estrogenic activities in vitro.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2005

내분비계장애물질로 분류된 phthalate esters의 제거방법에 대해 연구하였다. 상수처리조건에서 회분식으로 제거실험을 한 결과 응집침전은 $26.6{\sim}33.8%$, 오존산화에서는 $10{\sim}15%$ 제거효율을 나타내었다. 상수처리조건에서 활성탄 흡착에 의해 효과적으로 제거되는 것으로 나타났고 연속공정에서 EBCT를 10분 운전했을 때 원수의 phthalate esters농도가 $100\;{\mu}g/L$일 경우 WHO 및 US EPA 먹는 물 기준 달성이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Pilot plant 실험결과 응집침전공정에서 $32{\sim}44%$, 사여과 공정에서는 $6{\sim}10%$, 오존산화공정에서 $8{\sim}10%$의 제거효율을 보였으며 활성탄 흡착공정을 거친 후에는 4가지 물질(DEP, DBP, BBP 및 DEHP)모두 검출되지 않았다. 실제 고도처리 정수장에서의 공정별 phthalate esters 제거율은 응집침전 공정에서 $29{\sim}76%$ 정도 제거되었고 모래여과 공정에서 $3{\sim}29%$, 오존산화 공정에서 $17{\sim}22%$ 제거되었으며, 활성탄 처리 후에는 4가지 물질 모두 검출되지 않았다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.3311-3316
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• 2012

In this paper, a layered-carbon-$Fe_3O_4$ (LC-$Fe_3O_4$) hybrid material was synthesized through a facile one-pot solvothermal method and used as the adsorbent for the preconcentration of some phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate) in water samples. The effects of the adsorbent dosage, extraction time, the solution pH and salinity on the adsorption of the phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated. The magnetic nanocomposite adsorbent could remove and enrich the PAEs from water samples efficiently. After the adsorption, the analytes were desorbed and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the method for the analytes were in the range from 161 to 180. A linear response with peak area as the quantification signal was observed in the concentration range from 0.5 to $100ng\;mL^{-1}$. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) of the method were between 0.08 and $0.1ng\;mL^{-1}$. The method was suitable for the determination of trace phthalate esters in environmental water samples.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.97-100
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• 2002

Phthalate ester는 플라스틱의 물리적 성질, 특히 유연성을 향상시키기 위하여 플라스틱 제품에 첨가하는 가소제이며 내분비계 장애를 일으키는 것으로 추정되는 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 한강지류 하천 주변 토양의 phthalate esters의 오염 정도를 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) 방법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 예상 오염 지역인 안양천과 서호천, 그리고 예상 청정 지역인 가평천과 남한강 지역에서 채취한 토양시료 모두에서 bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP)가 일정 수준 검출되었다. 그 오염 수준은 안양천 주변 토양이 113ppb로 가장 높았으며, 서호천 주변 토양이 64 pub,그리고 가평천과 남한강 주변 토양이 약 50 ppb이었다. 따라서 한강 지류 하천 토양의 DEHP오염은 국내 하천 저질의 DEHP오염 수준이 최고 2.04 ppm임을 감안할 때 상대적으로 낮은 수준임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2000

일회용 위생장갑에서 diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-propyl phthalate (DprP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 및 dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) 등과 같은 phthalate ester 와 di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) 을 분석하였다. 일회용 위생장갑은 소매점에서 구입하였으며, 사염화탄소를 추출용매로 6시간 동안 Soxhlet 장치에서 추출하였다. 8종의 제품 모두 poly-ethylene (PE) 재질이었으며, 식품위생법에 따라 box 포장에 표기 사항이 있었다. 8 종의 모든 제품에서 Phthalate ester 류 와 DEHA는 검출한계를 넘지 않았다. Phthalate esters 인 DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP와 DEHA의 검출한계는 각각 1.8, 1.9, 1.3, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7, 2.1 와 0.8 mg/L 이었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2005

Industrial plasticizers such as phthalates can induce peroxisome proliferation. A growing concern among environmental and health groups has arisen because phthalates such as di-2-ethy1hexy1 phthalate (DEHP) and DBP may cause hormonal disorders, reproductive toxicity, hepatocellular tumors, genital disorders owing to a capacity to bind estrogen receptors, and a low-dose toxic action during certain periods of fetal development. Phthalate esters are used extensively as a plasticizer for plastic manufacture such as PVC bags and medical devices. This study investigated the effects of leached components from spring water container's cap and seal film. Phthalates, e.g. dimethy1 phthalate (DMP), diethy1 phthalate (DEP), di-n-buty1 phthalate (DBP), benzy1buty1 phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethy1hexy1) phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in the spring water. The bisphenol A was not detected or below the detection limit on the leaching from cap, sealing or spring water. DEHP were detected 90-116 ppb on the leaching from seal after 2 weeks, and 0.48-0.51 ppb from the spring water after I week. BBP were measured from seal within 1 week 25.4-66 ppb and below 0.12 ppb from spring water within 2 days. DMP were detected from seal within 2 weeks 51-68.5 ppb and 0.12 ppb after 2 weeks. DEP were measured from seal within 2 weeks 48.1-141 ppb and the concentrations were increased by the time from 0.10 to 0.31 ppb at spring water. DBP were detected from the seal within 2 weeks 92.3-5100 ppb and the concentration were decreased by the time from 0.24 to 0.10 ppb at spring water. These results indicate that some phthalate esters contaminated with spring water using the intact cap and seal film. It is concluded that the measured levels of phthalates leaching from these materials might in vivo only be slightly less than 1/10 of the LOAEL.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2011

There has been growing concern about the toxicity of phthalate esters. Phthalate esters are being used widely for the production of perfume, nail varnish, hairsprays and other personal/cosmetic uses. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. The parent phthalate is rapidly metabolized to its monoester (the active metabolite) and also glucuronidated, then excreted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of phthalic acid (PA), which is the final common metabolic form of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The individual PA isomers are extensively employed in the synthesis of synthetic agents, for example isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA), which have very broad applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester fiber, film and fabricated items. There is a broad potential for exposure by industrial workers during the manufacturing process and by the general public (via vehicle exhausts, consumer products, etc). This review suggests that PA shows in vitro and in vivo toxicity (mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc.). In addition, PA seems to be a useful biomarker for multiple exposure to PAEs in humans.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.1244-1250
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• 2000

식품에서 내분비계장애추정물질로 의심되는 DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP 및 DCHP 등과 같은 phthalate esters와 DEHA를 동시 정량 분석하였다. GC/FID를 사용하여 지방 함유 식품의 일종인 짬뽕에서 가소제를 정량하기 위한 최적의 분석방법을 검토하였다. Phthalate esters인 DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP와 DEHA의 검출한계는 각각 3.5, 5.3, 2.2, 2.2, 7.2, 1.7, 1.9 와 3.0 mg/kg이었다. Acetone/n-hexane(1:1) 추출용매 system을 사용하여 4회 추출하고 HP-1701 column이 장착된 GC/FID를 사용했을때의 phthalate esters인 DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP와 DEHA의 회수율이 각각 72.7, 85.9, 91.4, 97.1, 100.8, 103.2, 104.3 및 95.8% 이었다. 3종의 업소용 PVC wrap으로 짬뽕을 각각 덮은채 30분간 shaking(120회/분)한 후 이행되는 가소제 함량을 조사하였다. 3종의 PVC wrap에서 짬뽕으로 DEHA가 각각 577, 706, 770 mg/kg 이행되어 검출되었으며 다른 phthalate esters는 검출되지 않았다.