• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1415-1421
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• 2006

Proper nutritional management during the dry period is required to prevent metabolic disorders during the time of parturition and for potential increase milk yield during early lactation, especially under the heat of summer. The effect of prepartum diets on partitioning of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) during dry period and early lactation in summer was investigated. Nine cows were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C: four cows) or high concentrate (group H: five cows) diets to meet 110% of their requirements before parturition. The proportion of concentrate in control diet was 35%, and that in the high concentrate diet was 45%. After parturition, all cows were fed the same diets ad libitum during lactation. Balance trials were conducted at 9, 8 and 7 days before parturition and at 12, 13 and 14 days after parturition. Before parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), DM and NFE digestibility in group C tended to be lower than those in group H. The retention of N (p<0.01) and P (p<0.05) in group C during the dry period was significantly lower than those in group H. The retention of Mg in group C during the dry period tended to be lower than in group H. The concentration of plasma NEFA in group C tended to be higher than in group H during dry period. The prepartum diet did not have an apparent effect on DMI and milk yield at 2 weeks after parturition and N, Ca, P, Mg and K balance after parturition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.935-940
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of selected fruits (pods and seeds) and leaves of acacia tree species namely; Acacia nubica (nubica), Acacia tortilis (tortilis) and Acacia brevispica (brevispica), Acacia reficiens (reficiens) and Acacia senegal (senegal). A wide variability in chemical composition, polyphenolics and gas production was recorded. The crude protein (CP) ranged from 131 to 238 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (ADL) were higher in senegal and significantly different (p<0.05) from other species. The nitrogen bound to fiber tended to be higher in leaves than the fruits, ranging from 2.6 to 11.3 g/kg NDF and 1.6 to 3.2 g/kg ADF. The leaves of reficiens and senegal had higher concentrations of total extractable phenolics (TEPH), total extractable tannins (TET) and total condensed tannins (TCT), but lower in NDF, ADF and ADL than the fruits of nubica, tortilis and brevispica. Mineral concentrations varied among species; all were relatively poor in phosphorus, moderate in calcium and magnesium, and rich in microelements. A significant (p<0.05) variation in gas production after 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h was recorded between species. Nubica had the highest (p<0.05) rate of gas production (0.0925) while the highest potential gas production was recorded in tortilis. A strong negative correlation between TEPH and TET with gas production after 24, 48, 72 and 96 was established (r=-0.72 to -0.82). Crude protein and TCT correlated negatively but also weakly with gas production characteristics. Organic matter digestibility calculated from gas production after 48 h (OMD48) ranged between 465 g/kg DM in reficiens and 611 g/kg DM in tortilis. The results of this study indicate that acacia species have the potential to be used as feed supplements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.2039-2049
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to provide models to accurately predict nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion of dairy cows on smallholder farms in Indonesia based on readily available farm data. Methods: The generic model in this study is based on the principles of the Lucas equation, describing the relation between dry matter intake (DMI) and faecal N excretion to predict the quantity of faecal N (Q_FN). Excretion of urinary N and faecal P were calculated based on National Research Council recommendations for dairy cows. A farm survey was conducted to collect input parameters for the models. The data set was used to calibrate the model to predict Q_FN for the specific case. The model was validated by comparing the predicted quantity of faecal N with the actual quantity of faecal N (Q_FNACT) based on measurements, and the calibrated model was compared to the Lucas equation. The models were used to predict N and P excretion of all 144 dairy cows in the data set. Results: Our estimate of true N digestibility equalled the standard value of 92% in the original Lucas equation, whereas our estimate of metabolic faecal N was -0.60 g/100 g DMI, with the standard value being -0.61 g/100 g DMI. Results of the model validation showed that the R² was 0.63, the MAE was 15 g/animal/d (17% from Q_FNACT), and the RMSE was 20 g/animal/d (22% from Q_FNACT). We predicted that the total N excretion of dairy cows in Indonesia was on average 197 g/animal/d, whereas P excretion was on average 56 g/animal/d. Conclusion: The proposed models can be used with reasonable accuracy to predict N and P excretion of dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Indonesia, which can contribute to improving manure management and reduce environmental issues related to nutrient losses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1245-1248
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• 2000

In order to ascertain the influence of supplemental iodine on nutrient utilisation by goats fed a leucaena leucocephala leaf meal containing diet, 8 adult male goats (2 years; $22.3{\pm}1.73kg$) were randomly allocated into two groups, viz. control and experimental. Both the groups were fed a diet comprising of wheat bran, leucaena leaf meal and wheat straw ad lib. In addition, the experimental animals were given extra iodine at 0.04 mg/head/day (as KI soln.). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration conducted after 13 weeks of experimental feeding revealed that the daily DM intake $(g/W^{0.75})$ increased significantly due to iodine supplementation. Similar was the case with the intakes of DCP and ME. The digestibility of CP and EE showed significant improvement in the experimental group while that of DM, OM and total carbohydrates did not vary significantly between the two groups. The animals of control group were in negative nitrogen balance, which improved significantly and become positive in the experimental group. Moreover, the control animals lose weight apparently in contrast to the experimental animals, who maintained their weights. While iodine supplementation tended to enhance phosphorus retention that of calcium exhibited significant improvement. Conclusively, provision of extra iodine to Leucaena containing diet may prove beneficial in augmenting the nutrient utilization of this protein rich tropical forage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.484-493
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the sensory and nutritional properties of vegetable rice porridge made with Israeli carp (VRP-IC), and to compare it with commercial vegetable rice porridges (controls). The proximate composition of VRP-IC per 100 g was 82.4 g moisture, 3.9 g protein, 2.6 g lipids, and 0.9 g ash, and had a lower moisture content than that of the controls, but a higher crude protein, crude lipid, and ash content. In terms of taste, VRP-IC was higher in umami and sourness, but lower in saltiness, sweetness, and bitterness. The viscosity and hardness of VRP-IC were 13,117 mPa·s and 2,258 N/m², respectively. The total amino acid content of VRP-IC was 3,537.2 mg/100 g, with the maor amino acids being aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The mineral contents of VRP-IC per 100 g were as follows: 114 mg calcium, 70.3 mg phosphorus, 79.1 mg potassium, and 0.23 mg iron. These were all higher than those of the controls. The major fatty acids of VRP-IC were 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6, which were identical to those of the controls. The digestibility of VRP-IC was 86.4%, which was similar to those of the controls.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2005

Two experiments were carried out to assess the appropriate incubation conditions namely; duration, moisture content and the ideal microbial inoculant for fermented dried food waste(EW) offered to broilers. The nutrient utilization of birds fed the FW diets at varying dietary inclusion rates was also compared with a control diet. In Experiment 1, different moisture contents(MC) of 30, 40, 50 and $60\%$ respectively were predetermined to establish the ideal duration of incubation and the microbial inoculant. A 1mL Aspergillus oryzae(AO) $(1.33\times10^5\;CFU/mL)$ was used as the seed inoculant in FW. This results indicated that the ideal MC for incubation was $40\~50\%$ while the normal incubation time was > 72 hours. Consequently, AO seeds at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00mL were inoculated in FW to determine its effect on AO count. The comparative AO count of FW incubated for 12 and 96 hours, respectively showed no significant differences among varying inoculant dosage rates. The FW inoculated with lower AO seeds at 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01mL were likewise incubated for 72 and 96 hours, respectively and no changes in AO count was detected(p<0.05). The above findings indicated that the incubation requirements for FW should be $%40\~50\%$ for 72 hours with an AO seed incoulant dosage rate of 0.10mL. Consequently, in Experiment II, after determining the appropriate processing condition for the FW, 20 five-week old male Hubbard strain were used in a digestibility experiment. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 5 pens(1 bird per pen). The dietary treatments were; Treatment 1 : Control(Basal diet), Treatment 2 : $60\%$ Basal+4$40\%$ FW, Treatment 3 : $60\%$ $Basal+20\%\;FW+20\%$ AFW(Aspergillus oryzae inoculate dried food-waste diet) and Treatment 4: $60\%$ Basal+$40\%$ Am. Digestibility of treatment 2 was lowed on common nutrients and amino acids compared with control(p<0.05) and on crude fat and phosphorus compared with AFW treatments(T3, T4)(plt;0.05). Digestibility of treatment 3 and 4 increased on crude fiber and crude ash compared treatment 2 (p<0.05). Digestibility of control was high on agrinine, leucine, and phenylalnine of essential amino acids compared with treatment 3 and 4(p<0.05), and diestibility of treatment 3 and 4 was improved on arginine, lysine, and threonine of essential amino acids. Finally, despite comparable nutrient utilization among treatments, birds fed the dietary treatment containing AO tended to superior nutrient digestion to those fed the $60\%$ Basa1+$40\%$ FW.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture(LRC) on the performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, serum metabolites, ammonia generation and litter dampness in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty, one day old male chicks were fed into none, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of LRC supplementation fer seven weeks. Basal diets excluded antibiotics contained ME 3,100, 3,100 kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starter and grower, respectively. Weight gain of chicks fed LRC was significantly higher than no supplemental group in overall period(P<0.05). Feed intake was the highest in the 0.1% LRC, but not statistically different from other treatments. Feed conversion showed no significance among treatments. Viable Lactobacillus spp. number of chicks fed 0.2 and 0.4% LRC was significantly higher in cecum at seven weeks of age compared to the none(P<0.05). The tendency of anaerobes number was similar to Lactobacillus spp in ileum and cecum. Total number of E. coli and Salmonella were no difference in all treatments. In serum metabolites, feeding LRC increased triglyceride, and inorganic phosphorus, but no different total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, glucose, blood urea nitrogen and Ca. Nutrients digestibility improved significantly in 0.4% LRC compared to that of none(P<0.05). Fecal NH$_3$, gas generation was greatly decreased in the LRC supplemental groups(P<0.05). Moisture contents of bedding was also significantly decreased in LRC feeding group. It was concluded from the present study that feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture improved the growth performance and nutrients digestibility of broiler chicks and minimize the fecal noxious gas emission.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

This Study was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase in low phosphirus and calcium level diet on the performance and nutrient digestibility in laying hens. One hundred ninety two, 50 wks old, ISA brown commerical layers were used for 12 weeks feeding trial after 7-d adjustment period. Four dietary treatments included CON(control; Co.), P2 ($0.06\%$ Natuphos, BASF) and P3 ($0.06\%$ PHOSMAX, GENOFOCUS). Ca and available P concentrations of P1, P2 and P3 were 90 and $50\%$ of NRC recommecdations to accentuate difference in response to phytase availability. In whole period, egg production was not affected by treatments. At 12 weeks, egg weight was significantly increased in adding phytase treatments (P<0.05). Egg shell thickness was increased in P1, P2 and P3 treatments compared with control (P<0.05) at 9 weeks. Ca concentration of serum tended to decrease in P1 treatment without significant difference (P>0.05). Ca and P concentrations of tibia were higher in layers fed dietary phyrase than those fed control diet without significant difference (P>0.05). Digestibilities of DM, N and ash were improved in P1 treatment compared with P2 and P3 treatments (P<0.05). Ca and P digestibilities were the highest in P2 treatment (P>0.05), but was not significant difference between control and P1 treatments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.470-475
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of animal by-product mixture (ABPM) as a dietary animal protein source of fish meal replacer, and to determine the effect of dietary chromic oxide in growing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. ABPM is a mixture of five anmial by-products such as meat and bone meal (MBM) feather meal (FM), squid live, powder(SLP), poultry by-product (PBP) and blood- meal (BM) at a specific weight based ratio. Diet 1 and 2 were formulated on a isonitrogenous and a isocaloric basis of $46.5\%$ crude protein and 16.7 KJ/g diet; diet 1 (WFM 100), $100\%$ of the animal protein source came from white fish meal; diet 2 (ABPM 40), $60\%$ WFM+$40\%$ ABPM as the animal protein source; diet 3 (-Cr) commercial diet without chromic oxide; diet 4 (+Cr), commercial diet with chromic oxide. After eight weeks of feeding trials, fish fed diet 2 had a significantly lower body weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) than that of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). When comparing diet 3 with diet 4, no significant differences were found in WG and FE (P>0.05). There were no significant differences on condition factor, hematocrit level, serum phosphorus, bone phosphorus, whole body phosphorus, and bone ash among fish from all four diet groups. Fish fed diet 4 had a significantly higher whole body lipid than that of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05), These results indicated that ABPM could be used less than $40\%$ in growing rainbow trout with a sufficient period of acclimation, In addition, the $0.5\%$ of chromic oxide can be used to determine the apparent digestibility of the nutrients in the feed without any adverse effects on growth and body composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.655-667
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding a low CP diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids on performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed under a three-phase feeding regimen. Ninety-six finishing pigs (Landrace$\times$Large White$\times$Duroc), $55.75kg{\pm}0.65$ of initial body weight, were blocked by weight and sex and allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized block design. There were six pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a 16%-14%-12% CP (for phase I-II-III, respectively), sequence of diets. Dietary treatments were 1) Control, 2) Con+L (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by l percentage unit with lysine (L) supplementation, 3) Con+LMT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 2 percentage unit with LYS, methionine (MET) and threonine (THE) supplementation) and 4) Con+LMTT (a sequence of diets reduced in CP by 3 percentage unit with LYS, MET, THR and tryptophan (TRP) supplementation). The finishing period (55 to 105 kg) was divided into three phases (55 to 72 kg, 72 to 90 kg and 90 to 105 kg). Pigs fed either the control or Con+L diet grew faster (p<0.05) than pigs fed the Con-LMT or Con+LMTT diet. There was no difference in ADFI among dietary treatments. Phosphorus (P) digestibility was lowest in the control group and highest in the Con+LMTT group (p<0.05). Within each phase, no significant differences in dry matter (DM) and CP digestibilities were found. Although some amino acid digestibilities were affected by dietary treatments, digestibilities of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments. For the entire experiment periods, Con+L, Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments resulted in 13.4, 18.8 and 21.6% lower total N excretion compared with the control. Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments showed significantly lower BUN concentration compared with the control and Con+L treatment (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in BUN concentration between pigs fed the control and Con+L treatment or between pigs fed Con+LMT and Con+LMTT treatments (p>0.05). Carcass length, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level by 1 percentage unit and supplementing only LYS at each phase could be a very beneficial feeding strategy for finishing pigs fed under a three phase feeding regimen in terms of both environmental and economical aspects.