• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three strains of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) supplemented to diets on egg production, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol levels, the profile of cecal microflora, and tibia characteristics in laying hens. One hundred sixty 76-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). Birds in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet. The remaining three treated groups were fed the control diet containing either 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 (T1), 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 + B. subtilis W1 (T2) or 0.05% B. subtilis commercial product (T3) for 6 weeks, respectively. There were no differences in feed intake, egg weight, egg production and egg mass among the groups. The dietary supplementation of B. subtilis improved eggshell strength and Haugh units compared to those of control (P<0.05). The activities of GOT and GPT in serum were not also affected by the dietary treatments. The population of total microbes and lactic acid bacteria in cecum were significantly increased by the dietary B. subtilis (P<0.05), but not the coliforms. The cholesterol concentration in egg yolk and serum in the treated groups were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). Also, The levels of phospholipids in serum were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). The supplementation of three strains of B. subtilis to diets significantly increased the contents of tibia ash compared to that of control (P<0.05). Thus, this study showed significant improvements in egg quality, such as eggshell strength and Haugh unit, by dietary B. subtilis strains. The B. subtilis strains added to the diets modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting beneficial effects in laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 1985

Total lipid (TL) content of sea squirt (Ureungsweng-ee), Halocynthia roretzi, and Mideuduck, Styela clava, were 2.0%, 2.1%, respectively. Reviewing the composition of each lipid fraction in total lipids of sea squirt and Mideuduck, it was found that contents of neutral lipids (NL) (36.6%, 36.3%) and phospholipids (PL) (46.2%, 44.5%) were high, while that of glycolipids (GL) (17.2%, 19.2%) was low. The NL of sea squirt and Mideuduck were mainly consisted of triglyceride (49.0%, 59.6%) and free sterol (25.8%, 22.0%), and followed by diglyceride (9.4%, 7.7%), monoglyceride (6.0%, 4.2%), free fatty acid (4.6%, 1.9%) and esterified sterol and hydrocarbon (5.2%, 4.4%). And main lipids in PL were phosphatidylcholine (48.6%, 46.7%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (32.4%, 35.0%), and followed by phosphatidylinositol (9.8%, 7.0%), phosphatidylserine (5.7%, 5.8%) and an unknown substance (3.5%, 5.5%). Fatty acid composition was not significantly different among TL, NL, PL and GL contained in sea squirt and Mideuduck. The major fatty acids of TL in sea squirt and Mideuduck were eicosapentaenoic (21.3%, 18.3%), docosahexaenoic (16.3%, 14.2%), palmitic (13.8, 16.3%) and oleic acid (8.5%, 7.0%), respectively. Fatty acid composition of PL and NL were similar to those of TL. In case of GL fraction the major fatty acids were gadoleic (15.7%, 14.7%), palmitic (13.5%, 14.7%), stearic (11.6%. 9.8%) and oleic acid (8.0%, 8.1%).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.172-183
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• 1976

RNA, DNA and other phosphorus fractions were determined in the leaf and root of soybean plants different in phosphorus sensitivity grown in $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N$ and urea medium. The phosphorus sensitive cultivars contained higher ASIP (acid soluble inorganic phosphorus) than the tolerant cultivars with all nitrogen sources. ASIP was highest in the urea treated plants and lowest in the nitrate treated plants. Total phosphorus content was mostly affected with increase in ASIP. When ASIP increased, acid solsuble organic phosphorus(ASOP), phospholipids (L-P), RNA-P, residual phosphorus (R-P) tended to increase, while DNA-P showed little change. The percent RNA-P or DNA-P of total phosphorus in the nitrate treated plant was twice that in the ammonium treated plant, which were also higher in tolerant cultivars regardless of nitrogen sources. The percent ASOP in total acid soluble phosphorus $(ASOP/ASP{\times}100)$ decreased as phosphorus sensitivity decreased. Indications are that phosphorus sensitivity depends on the relative sizes of phosphorus metabolic pools. Total dry matter yield was negatively correlated with total phosphorus (r=0.84 significant at 0.01P), ASIP (0.84 significant at 0.01P) and residual phosphorus (0.69 significant at 0.05P). ASOP showed positive correlation with L-P, RNA-P and DNA-P but negative with R-P. RNA-P was significanly correlated only with L-P (0.63 at P=0.01). There was significant interaction (0.01) among nitrogen sources, cultivars and phosphorus metabolic pools. Phosphorus sensitivity and ammonium toxicity appear to be same in view of energy metabolism, that is, the former inhibits the conversion of ATP to ADP (energy releasing) through phosphate potential while the latter inhibits ATP formation (energy storing).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.320-330
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• 1978

Riced dehydrated potato granules with a good reconstituton quality was made from Irish Cobber (IC) and Shimabara which are representative varieties in Korea. A part of IC potato granules was packed in small vinyl-bags while the rest, including some BHA (75ppm)-treated granules, was packed in $301{\times}407$ plain tin cans. These granules were stored in a room at room temperature, and their physico-chemical properties and lipid composition were studied. The color of the granules was measured with a Hunter-type Tristimules colorimeter. L, $a_L,$ and $b_L-values$ were respectively 83.8, -1.1 and 18.3. Variety and package-type did not affect the color. In general, it was darker than that of commercial wheat flour, but whiter than that of commercial defatted soy flour. At $100^{\circ}C$, the granules, irrespective of variety and package-type, absorbed water rapidly, and reached the maximum moisture content of $90{\sim}92%$ in 3 min., whereas they absorbed water more slowly at $8{\sim}14^{\circ}C$, and reached the maximum content of $72{\sim}74%$ in 5 minutes. Peroxide, TBA, carbonyl, acid, and iodine values of the granules after 3 months storage were respetively $150{\sim}460\;meq/kg,\;20{\sim}26,\;154{\sim}380$ micromole, $24{\sim}59,\;and\;70{\sim}78$. Except iodine values, all the chemical values were affected by variety and package-type. Ether and $CHCl_3-extracts$ of the granules from IC and Shimabara were subjected to GLC and TLC analyses. In case of IC, the major fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, and oleic (30.0, 18.8, 40.6), while in case of Shimabara they were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids (26.7, 39.6, 23.4%). The major lipid classes were, in both cases, triglycerides and phospholipids. Their contents were raspectively 19.1 and 43.1 (IC), and 30.1 and 37.4% (Shimabara).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1980

The oils extracted with n-hexane from 6 samples of rapeseed (5 Korean samples and 1 Canadian sample) and samples of rapeseed salad oil at the market in Korea were examined. The physical and chemical characteristics of the oils were determined, and the lipid components of the oils were determined by column, thin layer-and gas liquid chromatography. The results obtained were as follows 1. The average crude fat contents in rapeseed was 43.3 % and the content of Korean was higher than that of Canadian by about 3 %. 2. The average values of specific gravity-, refractive-index, saponification value, iodine value, acid value and nonsaponifiable content of the crude oils extracted from Korean rapeseed were 0.9133, 1.4726, 103.6, 0.51 and 1.17%, respectively. 3. The average content of polar and nonpolar in total lipids were 2.7 % and 97.3 % respectively. Triglyceride was the predominant in nonpolar fraction, averaging 92.7 % of total lipids while sterol esters and diglycerides constituted 1.5 % and 1.2 % of the total. Monoglycerides, free fatty acids and free sterols were minor components of the nonpolar fraction. The polar lipids were primarily phospholipids(1.8%), but a significant amount of glycolipid (0.7%) was also found in each oil. 4. The fatty acid compositions in the total lipids showed the Korean rapeseeds averaged 46.7 % erucic, 15 % oleic, 13.4 % linoleic, 9.3 % eicosenoic and 4.3 % palmitic acids. The Canadian rapeseed, however, contained only 0.7 % of erucic acid. 5. The fatty acid compositions in nonpolar lipid fractions was similar to the pattern in those of the total lipids. But phospholipid and glycolipid fractions were lower in erucic acid content than nonpolar lipid fractions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1245-1250
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• 2006

This study was carried out to develop the method of preparing lecithin-fortified ginseng extract. Firstly, soybean lecithin was mixed with soybean oil (LCS) in varying ratio (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20%). Then, one part volume of LCS was mixed with three parts volume of ginseng extract with 10% solid matter content and the mixture was vortexed vigorously. Finally, the mixture was spinned at the speed of 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes to separate oil and aqueous ginseng extract layer (AG). AG was then subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of phospholipids and ginsenosides. Fatty acid composition and crude fat content before and after LCS was determined. Stability of lecithin in ginseng extract was determined by analyzing phospholipid content in the one third upper and lower layer of the concentrated AG in Falcon tubes while storing the LCS treated concentrated AG in 4, 25 and 40oC for 6 months. Ratio of lecithin transferred to AG increased with the increase in lecithin content of soybean oil. There was no significant change in fatty acid composition and crude fat content, and ginsenoside content in the ginseng extract before and after LCS treatment. TLC and HPLC pattern of saponin fraction before and after treating the ginseng extract with LCS demonstrated no observable difference. There was no change in lecithin content in the upper and lower one third layer of ginseng extract in the tubes after storing the concentrated AG in 4, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 months. Ginsenosides HPLC pattern was not changed when stored the LCS-treated ginseng extract in those conditions for six months, indicating satisfiable stability of the LCS-treated concentrated ginseng extract. From these results, it can be concluded that treatment of the ginseng extract with lecithin containing soybean oil is a labor effective method with satisfiable stability to fortify lecithins to ginseng extract.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.211-226
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• 2022

Choline, an essential nutrient for humans, is required for the structural integrity of the cell membranes, methyl-group metabolism, synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, synthesis of the membrane phospholipid components of the cell membranes, and the transport of lipids and cholesterol. Choline can be synthesized in the body, but it is insufficient to meet the daily requirements and hence it must be obtained through the diet. In the United States/Canada, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, China, and Taiwan, the adequate intake (AI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) of choline have been established, while the establishment of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for choline was postponed due to the lack of a choline database for Korean foods and studies on the choline intake of Koreans. However, as part of the preparation work for the 2020 DRI revision and finalization, choline intake and the possibility of disease occurrence were verified through analysis of published data. The groundwork for the subsequent establishment of a choline DRI was laid through a literature search, evaluation, and review of the literature reported from 1949 up to 2019. This can be regarded as the culmination of this project. According to the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional observational studies in humans, approximately 400-500 mg/day of choline intake was effective in preventing liver function damage (fatty liver), neural tube damage, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and cognitive function improvement. The same amount of choline intake, however, also correlated with the risk of prostate and colorectal cancer. At present, there is limited information available on choline intake and health outcomes, particularly for the Korean population. More human studies, including clinical trials on the requirements and the physiological benefits associated with dietary intake, are needed to establish the KDRI for choline.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1982

Differences of lipids, especially total lipid composition, fatty acid and sterol composition of the flesh lipids between three species of cephalopods were investigated, since available researches concerning lipids in flesh tissues of the cephalopod are very limited. Extracted total lipid from the flesh tissues were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into three lipid classes of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The lipid compositions of total lipid and neutral lipids were estimated by the method of thin layer chromatography and TLC-scanner. The sterol compositions of unsaponifiable matters from total lipid were determined by using thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each lipid class was also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Total lipid contents of flesh tissues from three species of the cephalopods were 0.5 in Octopus vulgare, 0.8 in Octopus variabilis and $0.6\%$ in Loligo beka based on wet weight, the contents of total fatty acid in total lipid were 19.3, 47.8 and $38.4\%$, and the contents of unsaponifiable matters were 10.9, 18.8 and $41.1\%$, respectively. Total lipid was mainly composed of sterols and polar lipid-pigments as major components in each sample and the proportion of sterols and polar lipid-pigments to total lipid ranged from 27.0 to $35.5\%$ and 38.3 to $63.4\%$, respectively. The other lipid components of total lipid, e.g. triglycerides, free fatty acids, and carbohydrate-esterified sterols were determined as a minor components. The major component fatty acid in total lipid was palmitic acid and additionaly it chiefly consisted of the other unsaturated acids such as oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid as major components of the acid. The compositions of sterol in three species of cephalopod were found to contain mainly cholesterol for its proportion to total sterols was 82.4 to $89.1\%$. However the other sterols such as 22-dehydrocholesterol and 24-methylenecholesterol were determined in addition to cholesterol as a minor components. The result of fractional composition of lipid class in total lipid was that total lipid had large .amount of polar lipid and small amount of nonpolar lipid i, e, neutral lipid in each sample, and the contents of phospholipid were higher than that of glycolipid in polar lipid. Neutral lipid was mainly composed of free sterol as major components in each sample and its proportion of free sterols to total neutral lipid was 50.0 to $70.5\%$. The other lipid components of neutral lipid showing similar in quantity, esterified sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides were determined as a minor components. The major components fatty acid in neutral lipid were palmitic, oleic and hexadecadienoic acid. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and myristic acid were the major component fatty acid in glycolipid. But, especially, glycolipid of Loligo beka contained a higher amount of arachidonic acid which also consists of major component in addition to those of acids. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly, oleic, linoleic and octadecatetraenoic acid were the major component fatty acids in phospholipid.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.577-598
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and iron or vitamin E on the lipid and protein components or blood chemistry levels of the serum as well as the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female) liver. Chronic test were conducted to determine those effects. The chronic test was conducted by dividing rats into 5 groups according to the type of drugs and dosages administrated as follows; the control(group A), and group B was given 25mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group C was given 50mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group D was given 25mg/kg caffeine and orally ferric chloride once daily for 30 days and group E was given 25mg/kg caffeine and 25mg/kg vitamin E once daily for 30 days. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondiaidehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and fatty acid compositions in free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the serum, and total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rat liver. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. Body weights of groups B, C, D and E were significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in comparison with that of the control in the chronic test. 2. The concentrations of serum glucose in groups B(124.5mg/dl), C(130.1mg/dl), D(122.1mg/dl), E(119.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(101.5mg/dl). But, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in comparison to that of the control. 3. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum of groups B(69.6, 53.4mg/dl), C(73.0, 56.3mg/dl), D(68.9, 51.1mg/dl) and E(68.2, 51.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(52.6, 38.8mg/dl). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum of groups B(45.0mg/dl), C(40.4mg/dl), D(33.8mg/dl) and E(47.2mg/dl) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(66.2mg/dl). There were no significant differences in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in comparison to that of the control. 4. The concentrations of free fatty acid and phospholipid in serum of groups B(45.7, 154.4mg/dl), C(50.0, 167.2mg/dl), D(52.5, 148.4mg/dl) and E(41.1, 159.2mg/dl) were higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(35.2, 125.3mg/dl). And the concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondialdehyde in serum of group D(1.82, 0.52nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.53nM/mg protein). 5. The concentrations of carbonyl group in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(1.45, 0.94, 1.67nM/mg protein) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.16, 0.66, 1.27nM/mg protein). And the concentrations of malondialdehyde in the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(6.70, 6.10, 1.36nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.17, 3.64, 0.68nM/mg protein). 6. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(16.52, 12.62%), C(17.52, 15.18%), D(19.73, 13.47%) and E(17.62, 13.28%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(14.75, 7.88%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(12.97, 32.59%), C(10.88, 31.23%), D(12.37, 30.66%) and E(11.95, 32.41%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(16.44, 35.12%). Otherwise, as the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(39.37, 16.39%), C(40.63, 17.83%), D(42.73, 15.39%) and E(39.16, 15.70%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(37.74, 14.24%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(4.03, 14.38%), C(3.54, 12.38%), D(4.52, 11.68%) and E(4.29, 13.64%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.53, 16.14%). 7. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of oleic acid of groups B(7.8**, 8.73**, 6.88%) and C(6.89**, 7.75**, 6.58%) were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(8.67, 10.08, 7.81%), but the proportions of arachidonic acid of group C(22.62, 19.79, 23.71%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(20.93, 18.47, 22.24%). And the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(25.95**, 26.16, 26.34**%) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(24.43, 25.42, 23.34%). In addition, the proportions of linoleic acid of group D(23.43, 25.02, 23.95%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). The proportions of stearic acid of group D(19.87, 19.76**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group E(16.71*, 19.65**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of linoleic acid of group E(25.04, 29.20, 26.48%) in total homogenate, mitochondria and microsome were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). 8. As the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(17.58**, 18.78*, 18.23%**) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(16.28, 17.22, 16.38%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group D(36.41, 37.23, 39.53%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(34.18, 34.16, 36.04%). But the proportions of oleic acid(3.41*, 3.11**, 3.12**%) and linoleic acid (18.03**, 15.79**, 14.74**%) of group D were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(oleic : 3.63, 3.72, 3.79%, linoleic : 20.03, 18.71, 18.48%). 9. In order to determine the oxidative damages to the protein in serum, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat liver, the patterns of the SDS-PAGE were identified, but the results of SDS-PAGE were not significantly different between the control and experimental groups.