• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Phosphorus(P) is a vital factor for rice but excess input of phosphorus fertilizer can cause environmental risk and waste of fertilizer resources. We studied to assess the change of available phosphate, P balance, critical concentration of available phosphate under a rice single system. METHODS AND RESULTS: The changes of available phosphate of paddy soil were examined from long-term fertilization experiment which was started in 1954 at the National Academy of Agricultural Science. The treatments were no phosphate fertilization(No fert., and N), phosphate fertilization(NPK, NPKC, and NPKCLS). The available phosphorus concentrations in treatments without phosphate fertilizer (No fert. and N) were decreased continuously. But, after 47 years, available phosphate content in phosphate fertilizer treatment (NPK, NPKC, and NPKCLS) reached at the highest ($245{\sim}331mg\;kg^{-1}$), showing a tendency to decrease afterward. The mean annual P field balance in these treatments (NPK, NPKC, and NPKCLS) had positive values that varied from 16.6 to $17.5kg\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$, and ratio of residual P were increased. These showed that phosphate fertilizer in soil were converted into the form of residual phosphorus which was not easily extracted by available phosphate extractant. Also, It was estimated that the critical value of available phosphate for rice cultivation was $120mg\;kg^{-1}$ using Cate-Nelson equation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that no more phosphate fertilizer should be applied in rice single system if soil available phosphate is higher than the critical P value.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2013

Most test methods for plant available soil phosphate are based on the extraction with a chemical solution. The objective of this study is to evaluate available phosphate of various tests at different soil phosphate levels. Two experiments were conducted as follows: i) Extracting capacities of soil phosphate tests - Mehlich III, Mehlich II, Bray I, Olsen, Kelowna, and Modified Lancaster(Mod. Lancaster) - were compared with that of Lancaster test for the soils collected from 32 paddy and 27 upland fields with various soil chemical properties. ii) Field trials on comparing to phosphate uptake by plant were accomplished by cultivating rice and corn plants in the pots filled with the soils. Available phosphate of Lancaster test was significantly correlated with those of Mehlich III, Mehlich II, Bray I, Olsen, Kelowna, and Mod. Lancaster. In upland soils, available phosphates of all the tests were curvilinearly regressed with phosphate uptake by corn. The determination coefficients ($R^2$) of the regression equation between available phosphate in soils and phosphate uptake by plants were ranged from 0.861 (Mehlich III) to 0.741 (Olsen). In paddy soils, the available phosphate measured by Mehlich III and Lancaster was significantly correlated with phosphate uptake by rice. In conclusion, Lancaster and Mehlich III tests could be used for predicting available phosphate in upland and paddy soils.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2017

The volcanic ash soils from the Jeju province have low available phosphate because of the high phosphate fixing power of the soils. Phosphorus fertilizerwas dressed after cultivating green manure crops and before cultivating potatoes in order to investigate potato yields, the available phosphate contents, and phosphorus balance in the soils. Green manure crops cultivated in this study were hairy vetch alone and hairy vetch and rye. During potato cultivation, four treatments were conducted in the experiments; NF (non fertilizer), P fertilizer ($N-P-K=0-25-0kg\;10a^{-1}$), NK fertilizer ($N-P-K=18-0-19kg\;10a^{-1}$), and NPK fertilizer ($N-P-K=18-25-19kg\;10a^{-1}$). There were no differences in the yields of potato stem and tuber from the cultivation plots of different green manure crops. However, in the plots with single-sown hairy vetch and mixed-sown hairy vetch and rye, the yields of potato stem and tuber were higher in the P fertilizer plot than in NF plot. The yield of tuber among the treatments with mixed-sown hairy vetch and rye was the highest in the NPK fertilizer plot. The available phosphate content in soils initially increased with time in all plots, but began to decrease gradually after Oct. 18. The available phosphate contents were high in the plots for phosphate fertilization, and the difference in available phosphate content between non-phosphorus fertilizer plots and phosphorus fertilizer plots increased with time. In the single-sown hairy vetch and mixed-sown hairy vetch and rye plot, the phosphorus balances in NF plot and NK fertilizer plot were very low, while those in the P fertilizer plot and NPK fertilizer plot were high. In conclusion, available phosphate contents in soil and the potato yields were increased by phosphorus fertilization when potatoes planted after cultivating hairy vetch and rye together, compared to hairy vetch alone.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2016

Accumulated Phosphate can be released by ligand exchange reaction of organic acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of the organic acids on the availability of phosphate and the growth of crop in phosphate and salts accumulated soil. Soil samples were collected from farmer's plastic film house. Available phosphate and electrical conductivity of soil were $3,005mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $16.63mg\;kg^{-1}$ which were 6 and 8 times higher than the optimum range of soil for crop growth, respectively. Corns were cultivated in pots for 2 months. Treatments were no treatment (control), phosphate fertilizer (P), citric acid (CA) 1, 5, 10 mM, and oxalic acid (OA) 1, 5, 10 mM. Water soluble phosphorus, available phosphate, corn growth and uptake were determined after cultivation. Results showed that organic acids increased water soluble phosphorus and available phosphate. For the level of 10 mM, the order of effectiveness of organic acids for water soluble P was citric acid (44%) > oxalic acid (32%). Height and dry weight of corns were increased significantly by the treatment of citric acid 1 and 5 mM. Also, corn absorbed more phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the treatment of citric acid 1 mM than these of other treatments. Even though phosphate availability of soil was enhanced by addition of citric acid 10 mM, the growth of corns decreased because high concentration of citric acid caused salt damage by increasement of electrical conductivity. Thus, the citric acid of 1 mM has the potential to improve the availability of phosphate and the healthy growth of corns.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1996

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizer level on growth, crude protein content and nitrogen fixation ability of alfalfa(Medicugo sariva L.) at sowing year. The experimental field was conducted using a randomized block design with three replications according to the phosphate application level (200 and 400kfia) in farm of Kongju National University. Research samples were collected at intervals of 7 days from October 7 to December 9 and nitrogen fixation activity of nodule was measured by using the acetylene reduction method (Hardy et al. 1968). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Number of branches, root length and dry matter weight at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kg in sowing year were more increase than those of 200kfia. The number of nodules was not significantly difference between phosphate fertilizer level, because of low temperature to be enough to nodulation of alfalfa. 2. The crude protein content of leaf, stem and root were not significantly affected by the phosphate fertilizer level. but that of leaf was increased at 400kgha on 72 days after sowing. The crude protein content of each part according to growing stages was increased at 44 days and 72 days after sowing. 3. The dry weight of root was not significantly difference between phosphate fertilizer level from 30 days to 51 days after sowing, but that was increased at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kgha from 51 days afier sowing. 4. The amount of ethylene in the samples taken 2 hours and calculated amount of nitrogen fixation were increased at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kfia from 30 days to 65 days after sowing. but there was vice versa from 58 days after sowing.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1986

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of vinyl mulch on phosphate availability of soil and fertilizer in 1982. Growth of tobacco was more vigorous at each level of phosphate treatment in vinyl mulched than in bare soil. There was significant culture x Phosphorus treatment interaction for the yields of cured tobacco leaves. These results indicated that vinyl mulch was effective to improve phosphate availability of soil and fertilizer. Increase in soil temperature and maintenance of bulk density suitable for Phosphorus diffusion by vinyl mulch were likely to Play major roles on Phosphate availability, but other unknown factors appeared to be involved.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2005

To reduce effectively cadmium (Cd) phytoavailability by phosphate in mine tailing affected soil, fused and super phosphate (FSP), a main phosphate fertilizer in South Korea, was selected as phosphate source and then applied at the rates of 0, 78, 390, and 780 $P_2O_5kg\;ha^{-1}$. FSP did not decrease Cd extractability and radish Cd uptake, but increased significantly. The effect of Cd supplement and soil negativity increase through FSP application was not significant. Soil pH decreased markedly with increasing FSP application, which increased significantly soil Cd extractability and radish Cd uptake. As a result, phosphate fertilizer for reducing Cd phtyoavailability in heavy metals contaminated soil should be carefully selected as alkaline type.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2005

굴껍질을 주원료로 하는 패화석비료가 토양개량제로서 배추의 생육 및 수량을 증진시키고 토양의 이화학적 특성 개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 평택통 (Fine silty, Typic Endoaquepts)의 밭 토양에 굴패화석비료를 0, 4, 8, 12, and $16Mg\;ha^{-1}$ 처리하여 봄배추를 재배하는 과정 중 패화석비료 시용량이 증가함에 따라 토양내 유효인산함량은 일정하게 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 유효인산 함량의 증가는 1차적으로 패화석비료내 포함된 인산 ($1.5g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$)의 직접투입이 토양 내 전 인산을 증가시키고 유효인산을 증진시킨 것으로 평가되었다. 그리고 알카리성 제재인 패화석비료가 pH 5.8의 공시토양의 pH를 중성범위로 높이면서 간접적으로 유효인산함량을 증진시킨 것으로 해석되었다. 패화석비료의 시용량이 증가함에 따라 토양내 수용성 인산과 Ca-P 함량을 다소 증가시켰으나, Al-P와 Fe-P의 비율을 크게 감소되었다. 결과적으로 패화석비료는 토양내 유효인산함량 증진에 효과가 있으며, 이렇게 많아진 유효인산을 이용하여 인산시비량을 저감하고 나아가 인산유출을 저감할 수 있는 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

To promote the practical use of livestock manure compost (LC) for paddy rice cultivation, the fertilization efficiency of nutrients in LCs was investigated compared to that of chemical fertilizer. This experiment was conducted at rice field in Hwaseong, Korea, with 6 treatments by each of 3 kinds of tested LCs, cattle manure compost (CaC), swine manure compost (SwC) and chicken manure compost (ChC). The treatments consisted of 3 application levels of LCs and 3 chemical fertilizer treatments having the same application levels with LCs. $NH_4$-N content in soil became higher according to the increase in the urea application rate, while it became lower in LC plots than in urea plots, and statistically had no significant difference among LC plots. There was a close relationship between phosphate fertilization rate and the increment of soil available phosphate content after experiment resulting y = 0.1788x - 6.169 ($R^2=0.9425$) when applied fused superphosphate fertilizer, and y = 0.0662x - 2.689 ($R^2=0.9315$) when applied LC at the equivalent rates to phosphate input (x: phosphate application rate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: increment in soil available phosphate content, mg $kg^{-1}$). And from these two equations, the correlation on the phosphate application rate between fused superphosphate fertilizer and LC could be obtained as y = 2.7056x - 52.492 (x: $P_2O_5$ application rate of fused superphosphate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: $P_2O_5$ application rate of LC, kg $ha^{-1}$). Plant height, number of tillers, nutrients uptake by rice, and rice yield showed higher levels in N 100% and N 150% application plots of chemical fertilizers, while every LC plots exhibited lower values and no significant difference among them. Relative nitrogen fertilization efficiencies of LCs compared to urea was 12.3% for CaC, 8.8 for SwC and 24.6 for ChC, respectively.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제13권
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• pp.119-126
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• 1973

질소 및 가리 동일수준에서 중과석, 복합비료, 용성인비시 인산비료가 맥류의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 검토코저 수원, 이리, 광주 및 대구에서 실시한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출수 및 성숙기는 무인산구에 비하여 4개소 모두 비중에 관계없이 빨라졌으며 특히 수원, 광주에서는 타비료보다 용성인비 시용구에서 다소 조숙화 경향을 볼 수 있었다. 2. 인산비료의 증시에 따라 질소를 증시할 경우 용성인비 8kg시용 까지는 동일수준의 중과석 단용구보다는 증수되나 12kg으로 증시될 경우는 광주, 수원을 제외하고 비중간 차이를 인정할수 없었다. 3. 등숙은 대체적으로 용성인비구가 타비료보다는 향상되어 증수의 요인이 되었는데 이것은 용성인비에 함유된 부가적 성분의 효가로 추측된다. 4. 인산비료의 시용량에 있어서는 4개소 모두 10a당 8kg 내외가 적정량으로 보여지며 4kg시용은 수량면에서 볼 때 각시험지에서 8kg시용구보다 감수되었고, 12kg 시용구는 광주를 제외하고는 비슷하거나 감수되었다. 5. 용성인비의 4kg 시용구가 감소된 것은 용성인비의 인산성분이 구용성이기 때문에 유효태 인산의 절대량이 적은데 기인하는 것으로 보여지며 증비에 의하여 절대량이 증가할 경우에는 용성인비의 효과가 타인비보다 큰 것으로 보여진다.