• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2018

A This study evaluated the antidepressant effects of the herbal mixture CPAE(Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley, Phlomis umbrosa Turcz, and Angelica gigas Nakai) using several tests, including a test for serotonin 6($5-HT_6$) receptor activity, the forced swimming test(FST), and tests for corticosterone(CORT) and monoamine levels. CPAE showed antagonistic effects on the $5-HT_6$ receptor in a stable $5-HT_6$ receptor-expressing cell line. We subsequently confirmed the antidepressant effects of CPAE in chronic stress model in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms of its action. Specifically, we observed that CPAE treatment significantly reduced immobility time in the FST and effectively restored abnormal levels of CORT in plasma and of monoamines(serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that CPAE has significant antidepressant effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.531-535
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• 2016

Phlomis umbrosa and Dipsacus asperoides are distinct species, even though they have a similar appearance. Dipsacus asperoides is used as a Chinese medicinal plant for and has bone strengthening and fracture healing but Phlomis umbrosa has no effect on bone growth. Recently, these plants were used in children's food to improve their bone growth, without distinction in food. Intakes of Dipsacus asperoides in food may be dangerous, because it has never been used in food and its safety has never been tested in humans. We developed liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to distinguish these plants in food. The method was validated for linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy and precision. In 5 of 17 samples, we identified Dipsacus asperoides, containing loganin $0.19-14.45{\mu}g/mL$, sweroside $0.13-4.61{\mu}g/mL$ and akebia saponin D $0.59-19.29{\mu}g/mL$. The developed method might be useful to identify Dipsacus asperoides in adulterated food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.667-672
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• 2015

Cynanchum wilfordii and Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. are known to contain isoflavone, a representative phytoestrogen. This study was performed to determine whether the extract mixture of C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa Turcz. would induce an estrogenic effect in ovariectomized rats. The extracts were administered to the ovariectomized rats at 30, 60, 120 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks, respectively. They showed no estrogenic effect, which was indicated by the decrease in uterus wall thickness as well as the increase in body weight and the level of cholesterol and triglyceride. The extracts also had no effect on the concentrations of estrogen and growth hormone in the serum. However, the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, which leads to protection against the bone loss caused by ovariectomy, was noted on administration of the extract. Therefore, it seemed that the extracts of C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa Turcz. had no estrogenic effect in rats.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

This study examined the efficacies of Cynanchum wilfordii and Phlomis umbrosa extracts on serum insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and bone growth by raising rats in vivo. C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa extracts significantly increased serum IGF-I by 42% and 22% than the control, respectively. Treatment with ${\alpha}$-amylase when manufacturing these extracts remarkably increased the concentration of IGF-I by 63% and 36% above the control, respectively. This meant that these extracts, especially ${\alpha}$-amylase treated extracts, maintained a higher level of IGF-I secretion in the treated groups. In addition, increases of 6% in femur length were found after 8 weeks of oral administration with these extracts. These results indicate that C. wilfordii and P. umbrosa extracts have beneficial effects on bone growth via IGF-I.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.175-175
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• 2015

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 2018

Objectives : The roots of Dipsacus asper had been used as the herbal medicine "Cheon-Sokdan" in Korea. Moreover, the roots of Phlomoides umbrosa were used as "Han-Sokdan." In the present study, a comparative anatomical comparison of Cheon-Sokdan, Han-Sokdan, and Ilbon-Sokdan were conducted, because Ilbon-Sokdan, the roots of Dipsacus japonicus, was regarded as substitute of Cheon-Sokdan. Methods : For this study, permanent preparations were made using a paraffin embedding method. Anatomical features of these three Sokdans were observed using a light microscope. Results : The starch grains of parenchyma cells and the amounts of calcium oxalate crystals hardly differed among the three plants. Particularly, the longitudinally-sectioned vessels of the three plants showed a wide variety depending on the focal depth of the light microscope. Therefore, these features could not be considered as obligate criteria for distinguishing these plants. The shape of the xylem was linear in Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan, whereas that in Han-Sokdan was wedge-shaped. The phloem of Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan were rhomboid, whereas that of Han-Sokdan was thimble-like. Therefore, the shape of xylem and phloem appeared as good criteria for distinguishing Han-Sokdan from the other plants studied. Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan showed characteristics similar in many parts. However, in the xylem of Ilbon-Sokdan, fiber bundles were more developed than those of Cheon-Sokdan. Therefore, the development of fiber bundles in xylem was considered suitable for distinguishing between Cheon-Sokdan and Ilbon-Sokdan. Conclusions : The identification-keys established in this study would be helpful for identifying microscopic features among the three Sokdans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2011

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. (PU) ethanol extracts were investigated in vitro. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and FRAP values of PU extracts were $57.32{\pm}2.30{\mu}g$/mg, $21.44{\pm}2.52{\mu}g$/mg and 0.26 mmol $Fe^{2+}$/g, respectively. The PU extracts also showed strong DPPH scavenging activity and antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the DPPH scavenging effect of the seasoning sauces was increased by the addition of PU extracts. This study was also conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of seasoned pork treated with PU extracts during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 21 days. Seasoned pork was produced containing 0, 0.5, and 1% PU extracts and 0.1% BHA. The total bacteria and TBARS values of seasoned pork added with PU were decreased compared to the control, whereas coliform bacteria were not detected after longer storage periods. With regards to sensory evaluation, seasoned pork treated with 0.5% PU had higher juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability compared to seasoned fork. These results suggest the possibility of manufacturing seasoned pork with PU extracts for the improvement of shelf-life and quality.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 1999

The mutagenicity, antimutagenicity, and cytotoxicity of the hot water extracts of 130 medicinal plants were examined. The results obtained using authentic alkaline phosphatase activity as the growth representative of the indicator cell, E. coli PQ37, demonstrated that the extracts of 14 medicinal plants including, Forsythia koreana Nakai, showed strong toxic effect on the cell growth, however, the extracts of 22 medicinal plants, including Phlomis umbrosa Turcz., were shown to have stimulatory effect on the cell growth. The mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of the medicinal plants were screened using SOS chromotest. The mutagenic activity was detected from 36 kinds of the samples, including Forsythia koreana Nakai and Coptis japonica Nakai. On the contrary, 12 medicinal plants, including Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, were shown to have a significant antimutagenic activity.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.321-334
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify plant growth promoting effects of native plant resources and medicinal plants. 65 kinds of plant extracts from 64 species were evaluated based on two rice(Oryza sativa) seedling bioassays for gibberellins and gibberellin-like substances. 12 extracts of Artemisia princeps stem and leaf, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii whole plant, Rhododendron mucronulatum branch and leaf, Phragmites communis stem, Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen whole plant, Lespedeza bicolor branch and leaf, Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata whole plant, Phlomis umbrosa whole plant, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Rhizome, G. uralensis stem and leaf, Angelica gigas root, and Cnidium officinale rhizome showed growth promotion of rice seedlings. Our results suggested that the parts of these plants could be the potential sources as farm-made liquid fertilizers for plant growth promotion.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2017

Objectives : HT042 is a combination of three herbal extracts from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, the stems of Eleutherococcus senticosus and the roots of Phlomis umbrosa, which has been demonstrated to increase longitudinal bone growth rate. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of HT042 after repeated oral administration. Methods : A 14-day repeated oral dose toxicity study was conducted using male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. HT042 was administered orally at repeated doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Clinical signs and mortality were observed daily, whereas body weight and food consumption were recorded weekly throughout the experiment. At the end of the study, blood was taken from the posterior vena cava for hematology and serum biochemistry. All organs of the body surface, subcutis, head, thoracic cavity, and abdominal cavity were observed grossly. Then, the internal organs were removed and weighed. Results : No death occurred and no significant changes in clinical sign, body weight, food consumption and serum biochemistry parameters were observed in male and female rats over the study period. Although there were some alterations in hematologic and necropsy findings, and organ weights, these changes were not considered toxicologically significant. Conclusions : These results suggest that the 14-day repeated administration of HT042 does not produce any significant oral toxicity at doses of up to 2,000 mg/kg/day in male and female rats under the present experimental conditions.