• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2018

This study was performed to identify the antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts of the three following herbs: G. procumbens, M. charantia, and C. longa. In addition, the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of five types of Jerusalem artichoke composites (JA1 - 5), which were prepared by adding ethanol extracts of several herbs to Jerusalem artichoke concentrate, were studied and compared. The results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid contents of the ethanol extracts were higher than those of the water extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power depended on the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from G. procumbens and C. longa were comparable. Moreover, the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethanol extracts ($2,000{\mu}g/ml$) from each herb was found to be over 50%. In contrast, the five types of JA composites showed higher total phenol and flavonoid contents than those of JA concentrate. In addition, increased antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities were observed, with that of JA1 being the highest. However, all concentrations ($1{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$) of JA tested did not affect the cell viability of Chang cells. In addition, JA induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in Chang cells and significantly increased the glucose uptake in C2C12 cells. Therefore, it could be concluded that the JA composites (JA1 - 5) mixed with G. procumbens, M. charantia, and C. longa extracts were effective in increasing the extracts' antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

For selecting a new candidate as functional material, this study was conducted on in vitro antioxidant activity and total phenol content of methanol and water extracts prepared from two Mentha species (M viridis L. (M spicata L.) and Mentha piperita L, Extracts of M. viridis showed more efficient scavenging activity on superoxide and DPPH ${({\alpha},{\alpha}-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)}$ radical and inhibitory activity on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by $CuSO_4$ and auto-oxidation of linoleic acid than those of M piprita. Methanol extract $(65.88%{\sim}77.59%)$ and water extract $(37.69%{\sim}87.21%)$ of M. viridis also exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on LDL oxidation than that of ${{\alpha}-tocopherol\;(28.37%{\sim}66.54%)}$ at ${1{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/ml}$ of final concentration. The total phenol contents of methanol extract and water extract of Mviridis (17.95% & 10.18%, respectively) as tannic acid equivalent were higher than those of M piperita (15.44% & 9.19%). But the yields of methanol and water extracts of M. viridis (13.3 % & 13.5%) were lower than those of M. piperita (14.1 % & 14.6%). The results implies that the extracts from M. viridis (spicata) is more useful material for industrialization as functional food than those from M. piperita.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2005

Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.334-341
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• 2015

HAE series (HAE 01 - 06), are the mixtures of medicinal plants; Lonicerae Folium et Caulis (Lonicera japonica), Scutellariae Radix (Scutellaria baicalensis), Adenophorae Radix (Adenophora triphylla var. japonica), Polygonati Oddorati Rhizoma (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum), Platycodi Radix (Platycodon grandiflorum), Liriopis seu Ophiopogonis Tuber (Liriope platyphylla). HAE 06 showed the significant antitussive effect in HAE series. HAE 04, 05, and 06 increased the effect of expectorant measured by secretion of phenol red in rats. All tested HAE series were observed to have the anti-oxidant activity determined by the scavenging activity. HAE 01, 03 and 06 were significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) increased by LPS. HAE 06 was selected based on the results and done further experiments. HAE 06 inhibited the number of coughing induced by citric acid in dose dependent manner. HAE 06 effectively increased the effect of expectorant. HAE 06 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$. In addition, HAE 06 significantly suppressed inducible Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Especially HAE 06 has the highest effect in alleviating the respiratory symptoms. Moreover, the enhancement antioxidant activity and reduction inflammation partly were attributed to it. HAE 06 may become the promising candidate for the treatment of respiratory symptom in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2000

An immunogenic, high molecular weight lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-protein complex isolated from a potassium thioncyanate extract of a Pasteurella multocida (P multocida ; strain P-2383, capsular type A and somatic type 3) was characterized. Chemical analysis of the complex by gas chromatography on a capillary column demonstrated that this complex contained most of the chemical constituents characteristic of LPS extracted by the phenol-water methed from the whole bacterium. However, there was proportionately more carbohydrate than fatty acid in the complex in contrast to LPS in which fatty acid seemed to be in excess. When toxicity of the complex was evaluated in 10-day-old chicken embryos, the complex was less toxic ($LD_{50}=12.72{\mu}g$) than the purified LPS ($LD_{50}=0.44{\mu}g$). The $LD_{50}$, of the LPS moiety extracted from the complex was $5.24{\mu}g$. Composition of the complex was analyzed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining and Western immunoblotting. The complex did not migrate through the polyacrylamide gel unless dissociated with SDS. The complex dissociated with SDS contained at least 32 different protein and polysaccharide components: 18 components reacted with an antiserum against the complex. There was no significant compositional variation between the complexes from different strains, but quantitative differences in individual components were noted. When cross-protectivity of the complex was evaluated in mice, this complex provided substantial protection not only against the homologous bacteriun but also against different P multocida strains of the same serotype. LPS-protein complexes isolated by the same method from other strains also induced protection against an challenge with P-2383.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2009

This study investigated that exposure of male mice to estrogen receptor $\alpha$-selective agonist, 4,4',4"-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris-phenol (PPT) induce morphological changes of accessory genital glands. The male reproductive organs were fixed and processed for light microscopy. The PPT induced decreases of ventral prostates, seminal vesicles and preputial glands weights with experimental time. The glandular lumen of ventral prostate was atrophied compared with control group. Type of epithelial tissues in the prostate was changed from simple columnar epithelium to stratified cuboidal or squamous epithelium. Treated group with the agonist showed that increased connective tissue underlying epithelium in the prostate and seminal vesicle. Especially, the glandular lumen of the seminal vesicle was contracted when PPT-treated animals were compared with control group. Secretion cells of preputial gland were smaller than that of control group. On week 8, PPT treatment caused decrease of epithelial cell height lining the lumen of preputial gland. These results provide information useful in researching the physiological function of estrogen mediated by estrogen receptor $\alpha$ in male accessory genital gland.

• Carbon letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.293-297
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• 2010

To investigate new potential application of a clay material for C/C composites, illite added C/C composites were prepared with various illite contents. The improvement of filler effect by illite size reduction was also investigated using wet ballmilling by evaluating illite/phenolic resin infiltration using bulk density and porosity measurements, chemical structural changes of the composites using XRD, and thermal oxidation stability in air of the composites using TGA. The size reduction of illite resulted in narrower particle size distribution and improved illite infiltration into carbon preform. And the resultant C/C composites prepared with illite had even more improved thermal oxidation stability in air, showing more increased IDTs up to $100^{\circ}C$, compared to those of the C/C composites with pristine illite, due to the SiC formation through carbothermal reduction between illite and carbon materials. The illite induced delay in oxidation of the illite-C/C composites was also observed and the delayed oxidation behavior was attributed to the layered structure of illite, which improved illite/phenol resin infiltration. Therefore, the potential use of illite as filler to improve oxidation stability of C/C composite can be promising. And the size reduction of illite can improve its effect on the desired properties of illite-C/C composites even more.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2013

$TiO_2$ composites with seven different carbon materials (activated carbons, graphite, carbon fibers, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, and reduced graphene oxides) that are virgin or treated with nitric acid are prepared through an evaporation method. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples are evaluated in terms of $H_2$ production from aqueous methanol solution (photo-catalytic reduction: PCR) and degradation of aqueous pollutants (phenol, methylene blue, and rhodamine B) (photocatalytic oxidation: PCO) under AM 1.5-light irradiation. Despite varying effects depending on the kinds of carbon materials and their surface treatment, composites typically show enhanced PCR activity with maximum 50 times higher $H_2$ production as compared to bare $TiO_2$. Conversely, the carbon-induced synergy effects on PCO activities are insignificant for all three substrates. Colorimetric quantification of hydroxyl radicals supports the absence of carbon effects. However, platinum deposition on the binary composites displays the enhanced effect on both PCR and PCO reactions. These differing effects of carbon materials on PCR and PCO reactions of $TiO_2$ are discussed in terms of physicochemical properties of carbon materials, coupling states of $TiO_2$/carbon composites, interfacial charge transfers. Various surface characterizations of composites (UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, SEM, FTIR, surface area, electrical conductivity, and photoluminescence) are performed to gain insight on their photocatalytic redox behaviors.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2019

Ginseng seeds are one of short-lived seeds species which loose their viability easily in the condition of conventional storage. Cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen (LN) has been recommended as a alternative storage for this kind of germplasm short lived or dessiccation-sensitive. This study was performed to find out whether cryopreservation could affect physiological change such as enzyme activity induced by reactive oxygen species. In this work, the redox ratio of ascorbate and glutathione were examined onto ginseng seedlings before and after LN storage of seeds for 1 day using spectrophotometer method. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) was increased while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. And for glutathione also, reduced form (GSH) was increased while oxidized form (GSSG) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. Consequently total phenol compound and ion leakage after LN storage showed no significant differences. Additionally root growth from the seeds after LN storage was not affected by ultra low temperature. From the above results, we may suggest that cryopreservation could be recommended for storage tool of ginseng seeds even with low viability also and expected to make slower seed aging process during preservation period through further study.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2019

Objectives : Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol), a natural monoterpenoid phenol, is one of the major odorant constituents found in natural essential oils of various herbal plants, such as Thymus quinquecostatus and Thymus vulgaris. Multiple biological activities of thymol, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, have been reported in numerous in vitro studies, and recently it was suggested that thymol may could inhibit oxidization of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopaquinone required in melanogenesis pathway, as an antioxidant. Methods : MTT assay was performed to test the cytotoxic effect of thymol in B16F10 cells. Inhibitory effect of thymol to tyrosinase activities were examined using both mushroom tyrosinase and intracellular tyrosinase. Expression level of tyrosinase in B16F10 cells were investigated by western blot analysis. Results : The cell viability was decreased by thymol treatment in dose-dependant manner, leading significant cytotoxicity in 500 and $1000{\mu}M$ thymol-treated groups. In the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH)-induced melanogenesis, administration of thymol significantly decreased extracellular (secreted) melanin content in dose-dependent manner. Cellular tyrosinase activity assay and western blot analysis of intracellular tyrosinase showed that thymol has a strong anti-melanogenic effect by inhibition of tyrosinase activity and by decreasing expression of tyrosinase that contribute to melanin synthesis in the B1610 cells. Conclusions : As the first functional study that prove anti-melanogenic effect of thymol and its underlying mechanism in the living cells, our study suggests the applicability of fragrance as the functional materials of cosmetics or health supplement, not as just an additive.