• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.34-45
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• 1994

This investigation has been carried out to examine the structure of digestive tract from Korean Leech, Erpobdella lineata, using light and electron microscope. The digestive tract is composed of mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus, six-chambered stomach, three-chambered intestine, rectum and anus. Stomach and intestine have not gastric or intestine ceca and consist of only straight tube. All digestive tracts from pharynx to rectum are covered with simple columnar epithelial cells. While the surfaces of endothelial cell of pharynx and rectum are covered with cuticular layer of about $0.3{\mu}m$ in thickness, stomach and intestine are covered with estimated $0.2-0.3{\mu}m$ and $0.5{\mu}m$ microvilli respectively. Circular folds were found only in first and second chambers of stomach, intestine and rectum, but not in pharynx and the other chambers (third to sixth) of stomach. The granules of $0.3-0.8{\mu}m$ and $0.5-1.0{\mu}m$ in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm of stomach endothelial cell. These granules were demonstrated to contain protein which showed a positive reaction to ninhydrin. It was also found that there are well-developed microvilli in the apical portion of intestine endothelial cell in which endocytosis occurs actively.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.353-364
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) on changes in airflow in the upper airway (UA) of an adult patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using computational fluid-structure interaction analysis. Methods: Three-dimensional UA models fabricated from cone beam computed tomography images obtained before (T0) and after (T1) MARPE in an adult patient with OSAS were used for computational fluid dynamics with fluid-structure interaction analysis. Seven and nine cross-sectional planes (interplane distance of 10 mm) in the nasal cavity (NC) and pharynx, respectively, were set along UA. Changes in the cross-sectional area and changes in airflow velocity and pressure, node displacement, and total resistance at maximum inspiration (MI), rest, and maximum expiration (ME) were investigated at each plane after MARPE. Results: The cross-sectional areas at most planes in NC and the upper half of the pharynx were significantly increased at T1. Moreover, airflow velocity decreased in the anterior NC at MI and ME and in the nasopharynx and oropharynx at MI. The decrease in velocity was greater in NC than in the pharynx. The airflow pressure in the anterior NC and entire pharynx exhibited a decrease at T1. The amount of node displacement in NC and the pharynx was insignificant at both T0 and T1. Absolute values for the total resistance at MI, rest, and ME were lower at T1 than at T0. Conclusions: MARPE improves airflow and decreases resistance in UA; therefore, it may be an effective treatment modality for adult patients with moderate OSAS.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.775-779
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• 1984

Reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical esophagus is a difficult surgical problem. A successful case of reconstruction of cervical esophagus by free jejunal graft upon a 23-year-old female who had stricture in the pharynx and cervical esophagus after ingestion of hydrochloric acid is presented. This procedure was done after the primary traditional reconstruction with right sided colon had resulted in restenosis due to necrosis of the cervical portion of the graft. A proximal jejunal segment, about 12 cm in length was isolated for free graft preserving its vascular arcade. Both superior thyroid artery and vein were anastomosed to the graft vessels in end to end by continuous suture of 8-0 monophil. Nylon. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient has been followed for 4 months after operation and she can eat every kind of food without dysphagia. We think free jejunal graft offers an excellent and safe method of reconstructing cervical esophagus and pharynx with definitive advantages over other traditional techniques.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.347-359
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• 1994

The reproducibility of cephalography in repeated exposures were studied by tracing and photographic subtraction. The materials consisted of 50 pairs of 'same day' radiograph taken under identical conditions. The evaluation included skull, cervical column, hyoid bone, pharynx, tongue, soft tissue profile resulting 43 items in tracing, and 19 items in photographic subtraction. The results obtained from the differences between each pair were as follows: 1. The means and standard deviations by tracing of skull, cervical column, hyoid bone, pharynx, tongue, soft tissue profile were 0.34±0.62㎜, 1.02±1.59㎜, 1.37±1.78㎜, 0.55±1.16㎜, 0.51±1.51㎜, 0.15±0.3㎜ each. 2. The means and standard deviations by photographic subtraction of skull, cervical column, hyoid bone, pharynx, tongue were 0.09±0.35㎜, 0.70±0.95㎜, 1.22±1.33㎜, 0.53±0.86㎜, 0.27±0.41㎜ each.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.140-144
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• 1996

Despite the incidence of tuberculosis has been greatly reduced with chemotherpy, it is still a common disease in Korea. The pharyngeal and laryngeal tuberculosis usually result from direct contamination of the laryngeal or pharyngeal mucosa by sputum heavily laden with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, secondary infection from the lungs via lymphatic or hematogenous routes, or a primary affection from inhaled tubercle bacilli. Recently the authors experienced a pharyngolaryngeal tuberculosis and report this case with brief literatures review.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 1998

Human pharynx is unique, acting as a complex interchange between the oral cavity and esophagus, and between the nasal cavity and lungs. It is actively involved in the transport of food and liquid, producing the forces that guide that bolus into the upper esophagus and away from the adjacent larynx and lungs. This study intended to develop a biomechanical model of the human pharynx, utilizing Finite Element Method(FEM). Within each model changes in cross sectional intralumenal area were calculated and compared with the area from the computer-generated FE model. Area matching allowed estimation of intraluminal pressure gradients during swallow. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradient varies from one region to another. The estimated pharyngeal pressure gradients showed different patterns for upper four levels and lower four levels. The contraction velocity for upper four levels is much higher than lower four levels. The higher contraction velocities and pressure gradients in the upper levels are consistent with the bolus velocities required for efficient swallow.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.354-356
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• 2014

Clinostomum (C.) complanatum is one of the trematode helminthes in birds and causes incidental infection in human. A black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) was referred to the Jeju wildlife rescue center. Because of the death of bird after two weeks treatment, necropsy was performed to the bird. Grossly, many living worms adhered to the oral mucosa including pharynx and esophagus were observed. The worms removed were identified as C. complanatum after morphological observation. The linguiform adult worms were $5.19{\pm}0.48mm$ long and $1.80{\pm}0.18mm$ wide. Histopathologically, severe necrosis and surrounding inflammation were observed at the infection sites of adult worm in pharynx and esophagus. This is the first report for C. complanatum infection in wild black-tailed gull in Korea.

• 대한두경부종양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.107-108
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• 2002

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Electromagnetometers (EMA) have been widely used in articulatory studies as their temporal resolution can capture most speech activities and the fleshpoint information allows one to readily quantify and analyze tongue shape. However, the drawback is that the data lacks details of activity in the pharyngeal region. Several studies have attempted to estimate the unknown pharyngeal shape of the tongue, but few studies are based on unimodal data containing both front and back regions of the tongue at the same time. We use Stone's ball bearing method to obtain fleshpoint data as well as tongue shape. We further introduce a novel way of connecting balls and attaching them onto the tongue to ensure accurate tracking. An Artificial Neural Network is applied to build a map between observable flesh-points, unknown tongue shape, and pharyngeal region and is optimized to efficiently address nonlinearity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.175-178
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• 1974

The patient was 21-year old male who had gastrostomy and tracheostomy after swallowing lye-stuff in July 1971. He could restore his normal voice and breathing after removal of his destructed epiglottis obstructing his upper airway two years later. Pharyngogastrostomy was performed in Nov 1973. The esophagus which was totally obliterated in its full length was removed and the stomach was brought high up to the level of pharynx where it was anastomosed to the posterior wall of pharynx. His postoperative course was temporarily complicated by aspiration of small food into trachea which could be completely relieved with training, and he is doing his normal life quite well on the follow-up.