• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2012

Objectives : This article reviews a solution preventing the illegal distribution of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine and risks on public health by conducting safety management of food and medicine. Also, this article would like to contribute to improvement of public health treating diseases in compliance with accurate diagnosis and prescription of Oriental Medicine Doctor("OMD")'s. Methods : An approach in this research can be categorized into two : first, to examine the current administrative situation and problems of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine based on policy documents of Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Food and Drug Adminstration("KFDA") and academic articles of the herbal medicine;second, to find reasonable administrative solutions to solve the problems. Solutions : A solution is to strengthen the management level of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine by selecting 117 items as target items requiring concentrated management. In case herbal medicine is imported for food, KFDA strengthens the quality management level of herbal medicine by making use of inspection frequency at random, collecting and verifying herbal medicine on the market. However, KFDA decides to maintain current different quality specification system of food and medicine reflecting a civil complaint that quality specification of food and medicine should separately managed according to the purpose of use. Herbal medicine as medicine that is functioned as treating diseases and alleviating symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food, can cure all kinds of diseases by recovering inner balance of human body, making use of other properties of herbal medicine. Medicine has its own properties. If a doctor uses properties of medicine appropriately, he cures diseases. If a doctor uses herbal medicine inappropriately. he may damage human body. Thus, whether side effects of medicine depend on a doctor who uses herbal medicine. Conclusions : All herbal medicine will be supplied into the market after strict safety control of manufacturers of herbal medicine according to the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, beginning in April, 2012. Thus, people can take safer and more reliable herbal medicine through strengthening safety management of herbal medicine and improving quality and transparency in the distribution system. Herbal medicine should appropriately be prescribed by licensed OMD because herbal medicine is used to treat diseases and alleviate symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.105-121
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• 2020

신약 개발과 관련하여 글로벌 판매망이 구축되지 않은 국내 바이오텍에게 가장 필요한 것은 신약의 기술이전과 관련된 의사 결정이다. 각 임상 단계별 성공 확률이 다르고, 어느 임상 단계에서 기술이전 계약을 하느냐에 따라서 총 계약금액과 로열티가 달라지게 된다. 이런 기술이전 계약의 특징과 바이오텍의 취약한 재무 구조 등으로 인하여, 바이오텍이 빅파마에게 기술 이전을 하는 시기를 정하는 것은 매우 중요한 의사 결정 문제가 된다. 이 연구에서는 '신약의 기술이전 최적시기 결정 문제'라는 연구모형을 제시하고, 의사결정트리 방법론으로 결과를 도출하였다. 사례 연구로, first-in-class 신약을 대상으로 FDA 글로벌 임상을 진행하고 있는 국내 바이오텍에 적용해 보았다. 타겟 질환의 시장 크기와 예상 시장 침투율은 알려져 있다고 가정하였을 때, 임상 1상이나 2상 이후에 기술이전을 하는 것이 이익을 최대화할 수 있는 대안임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 제약 분야 문제에 경영과학 방법론을 사용할 수 있는 개념적인 틀을 제시하여 신약 기술이전에 대한 지식 및 연구의 기반이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.331-359
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• 2009

본 연구는 기술예측분야에서 자주 사용되는 성장곡선모형을 통해 BT산업 세부산업별 성장추세를 2030년까지 전망하고, 미국의 BT산업 및 한국의 ICT산업의 성장추세와 접목하여 비교 실증분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 1) 한국의 BT산업 전체 명목생산액은 2007년 3조 7천억원에서 2016년 7조 3천억원, 2020년 8조 7천억원, 2030년 10조 8천억원으로 성장할 것으로 예측되었다. 2) BT 세부산업별로는 생물의약산업의 성장세가 두드러진 가운데 전체 BT산업 대비 비중이 2007년 45.4%에서 2016년 55.3%, 2020년 60.8%, 2030년 70%대로 점차 확대될 것으로 예측되었다. 3) 예측전망에 기초하여 향후 한국 BT산업발전이 수출지향적인 생물의약분야를 중심으로 전개될 것으로 판단된다. 4) 한국 BT산업 대비 미국의 BT산업규모는 2007년 15배에서 2030년 21배로 확대되나, 생물의약부문에 한정시킬 경우 2007년 33배에서 2030년 26배로 그 격차가 다소 완화될 것으로 예측되었다. 5) 한국 ICT산업은 대체로 성숙기에 접어들었음이 확인되었고, 미국 BT산업과 한국 생물의약산업에 비해 성장률 측면에서 대략 5년~10년 정도 앞서가고 있음을 발견하였다. 이상의 연구결과는 바이오신약 등 생물의약분야에 대한 선택과 집중을 통한 지원과 수출지향적인 정책마련이 필요함을 시사한다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2013

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.165-193
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• 2016

본 논문은 한미FTA와 TPP협정을 비교분석하여 의약품 분야 국제통상규범이 어떻게 진화해가고 있는지 살펴본다. TRIPS협정 이후 양자 또는 지역 자유무역협정을 통해 자료독점 보장과 같은 의약품 분야의 지재권 보호 강화는 물론이고 의약품 판매 허가 및 약가 결정 방식 등 보건의료 제도 측면에서도 신약 개발자의 이익을 강화하는 방향으로 규제조화가 이루어져 왔으며, 그 전형적인 예가 한미 FTA와 TPP협정이다. 특히, 가장 처음으로 바이오의약품 자료보호 규정을 도입한 TPP협정은 향후 모든 협정의 기준으로 자리매김할 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 TPP협정은 한미FTA와 비교하여 의약품 분야 지재권 보호 정도가 전반적으로 더 강화되었다고 보기 어렵고, 부분적으로는 오히려 더 높은 정책적 유연성을 내포하고 있는 것으로 평가된다. 향후 한국이 TPP협정 가입 협상을 하게 되거나 한미FTA를 재협상해야 한다면, 두 협정 간 이러한 차이를 잘 활용한 적극적이고 선제적인 협상 전략을 도입할 필요가 있다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2001

A major portion of drugs used in Ayurvedic system of medicine which has been practiced since the early human civilization in Indian subcontinent were of plant origin. It should be noted that 70% of the population in this region depends on Ayurveda for their medical treatment and 60% of the drug resources are obtained from the Himalayan region. Therefore, Nepal becomes a potential source of plant drug resource since it occupies a major portion of the Himalaya. In the present paper, in general a current status of medicinal plant resources of Himalayan region especially Nepal will be discussed. In addition to this, a typical example of antidiabetic activity of Shilajit will be taken for the discussion. Shilajit is one of the crucial elements in several formulations including those of Rasayana, a therapy in Ayurveda, which has been practiced in the prevention of ageing and mental disorder. Although, Shilajit is widely used for the treatment of diabetes, no satisfactory scientific reports are available up to now. The crude Shilajit in the market is a dark brown or black rock-like substance collected from the Himalayan region with a strong smell of cow's stale urine. In our studies, Shilajit (collected in the central Himalayan region) prevented the diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice model. Shilajit also prevented the diabetes in the rats against the action of multiple low-dose (10 mg/kg, i.v., 5 times) of streptozotocin. On the other hand, Shilajit did not show antioxidative activity. The preventive action of Shilajit on diabetes is mainly focused on the Thl and Th2 cell activities, since Th2 cells activity was found to be significantly upregulated. Shilajit, however, showed a mild action in controlling the blood sugar level in young, old, and mild diabetic rats, but not in the severe diabetic rats. It also stimulated the nitric oxide production in macrophages. Based on these evidences, the antidiabetic activities of Shilajit appear to be immunomodulative probably by protecting or strengthening insulin-producing b-cells in the pancreas. Further systematic research on constituents of Shilajit and its quality evaluation is necessary to enable the use of natural medicines in the treatment of diabetes.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.216-227
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• 1993

Complex formations of practically insoluble antelmintic drugs such as mebendazole (MBZ), albendazole (ABZ) and flubendazole (FBZ) with dimethyl-$\beta$-cyclodextrin (DM-$\beta$-CyD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-$\beta$-cyclodextrin (HP-$\beta$-CyD) together with $\alpha$-, $\beta$- and $\gamma$-cyclodextrins(CyDs) in duffered solutions were investigated by solubility method. $A_{L}$ type phase solubility diagrams were obtained in all cases except for the complexation (B$_{s}$, type) of FBZ with $\gamma$-CyD. The highest stability constants were obtained with DM-$\beta$-CyD, followed by $\alpha$-CyD > $\beta$-CyD > HP-$\beta$-CyD > $\gamma$-CyD for ABZ, and HP-$\beta$-CyD > $\gamma$-CyD > $\beta$-CyD > $\alpha$-CyD for FBZ at pH 1.2. On the other hand, solid dispersion systems of ABZ and FBZ with $\beta$- and DM-$\beta$-CyDs were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated by dissolution, differential thermal analysis and powder x-ray diffractometry. The dissolution rates of ABZ- and FBZ-DM-$\beta$-CyD solid dispersions were much faster than those of drugs alone, corresponding physical mixtures and tablets on market both at pH 1.2 and 6.8. Although dissolution rates of all samples at pH 6.8 were by far lower than those obtained at pH 1.2, as explained by pH-solubility profiles for ABZ and FBZ, the dissolution rates at pH 6.8 of ABZ from $\beta$- and DM-$\beta$-CyD solid dispersions exceeded the respective equilibrium solubility (23.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml). Fast dissolution of ABZ from solid dispersions with CyDs was attributed to the reduction of drug crystallinity and particle size which was supported by DTA and powder x-ray diffractometry. Consequently these results suggest that solid dispersion systems with CyDs may provide useful means to markedly enhance the solubility and dissolution of benzimidazole antelmintic drugs.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제46권
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• pp.145-177
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• 2001

This paper seeks to analyze how the welfare state has developed both in the Kim Young Sam government and in the Kim Dae Jung government. Among other things, the two governments share some similarities: compared to the previous authoritarian governments, both of them enjoyed a high level of democratic legitimacy; the two were under pressure to win the elections to acquire and remain in power; and finally, the two tried to strengthen welfare system. But there exist more critical differences. The Kim Dae Jung government was a minority government, while the Kim Young Sam government was a majority one. Compared to the latter one, the former came to power in an extremely bad economic condition. Fortunately, however, the Kim Dae Jung government was able to enjoy a relatively high level of state autonomy resulting from an exceptional situation of foreign currency crisis. In addition, it was more reformist in policy orientation and had a more open cooperative network with civil society. All these differences added up to produce remarkable differences with regard to the improvement in welfare development. Especially, it is noted that the Kim Dae Jung government was very successful in several respects: provision of national minimum, integration of national medical insurance, development of productive welfare system, and final1y increase in welfare spending. Recently, criticisms from the opposition party, the press, and middle and upper class people mount against the Kim Dae Jung government which has made significant mistakes in instituting the separation of medical and pharmaceutical businesses. However, the important improvements in welfare institutions and programs by the Kim Dae Jung government need to be maintained to deal with all the negative effects of a naked market economy. They must also be sustained to keep alive democracy that Korean people have fought for nearly half a century.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3173-3177
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• 2016

Background: The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Lebanon provides cancer drugs free of charge for uninsured patients who account for more than half the total case-load. Other categories of cancer care are subsidized under more stringent eligibility criteria. MOPH's large database offers an excellent opportunity to analyze the cost of cancer treatment in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: Using utilization and spending data accumulated at MOPH during 2008-2013, the cost to the public budget of cancer drugs was assessed per case and per drug type. Results: The average annual cost of cancer drugs was 6,475$ per patient. Total cancer drug costs were highest for breast cancer, followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which together represented 74% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure. The annual average cancer drug cost per case was highest for CML ($31,037), followed by NHL ($11,566). Trastuzumab represented 26% and Imatinib 15% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure over six years. Conclusions: Sustained increase in cancer drug cost threatens the sustainability of MOPH coverage, so crucial for socially vulnerable citizens. To enhance the bargaining position with pharmaceutical firms for drug cost containment in a small market like Lebanon, drug price comparisons with neighboring countries which have already obtained lower prices may succeed in lowering drug costs.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.168-178
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• 2016

본고는 서울 주재 외국기업의 국적 및 산업의 임대주택 임대료에 대한 영향력 파악을 중심으로 임대료 결정요인을 분석했다. 분석 결과로서 미국, 영국, 프랑스 및 독일 기업은 동일업종을 기준으로 할 때 국적에 따라 임대료의 편차가 있으며 그 차이는 산업별로 상이한 것을 확인했다. 국적별 비교에서 미국과 영국은 임대료에 강한 영향을 끼쳐 임대료의 상승을 견인한 반면에 프랑스는 평균 이하의 임대료를 지급했다. 산업을 기준으로 할 때 은행, 제약, 석유화학 및 보험 산업이 임대료의 상승을 이끌었으며, 기계산업은 평균 이하의 임대료를 지급하는 것으로 나타났다. 지역별 주택유형과 임대료를 분석한 결과, 성북동은 모든 주택유형에서 주거비가 가장 비싸며 이태원 한남동이 그 다음이고, 반포 방배동의 임대료가 상대적으로 저렴했다. 분석 결과를 종합하면 물리적 특성의 상당수가 통계적으로 유의하여 물리적 특성이 입지특성 혹은 국적 및 산업특성보다 가격 결정에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것을 확인했으며, 할인매장과의 거리는 모든 분석 모형에서 유의하게 나타나 주거지 결정에 중요한 변수인 것으로 드러났다.