• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2023

본 연구는 스마트팜 환경에서 진행된 혁신적인 연구로, 딥러닝을 기반으로 한 질병 및 해충 탐지 모델을 개발하고, 이를 지능형 사물인터넷(IoT) 플랫폼에 적용하여 디지털 농업 환경 구현의 새로운 가능성을 탐색하였다. 연구의 핵심은 Pseudo-Labeling, RegNet, EfficientNet 등 최신 ImageNet 모델과 전처리 방식을 통합하여, 복잡한 농업 환경에서 다양한 질병과 해충을 높은 정확도로 탐지하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 앙상블 학습 기법을 적용하여 모델의 정확도와 안정성을 극대화했으며, 평균 정밀도(mAP), 정밀도, 재현율, 정확도, 박스 손실 등의 다양한 성능 지표를 통해 모델을 평가하였다. 또한, SHAP 프레임워크를 활용하여 모델의 예측 기준에 대한 깊은 이해를 도모하였고, 이를 통해 모델의 결정 과정을 보다 투명하게 만들었다. 이러한 분석은 모델이 어떻게 다양한 변수들을 고려하여 질병 및 해충을 탐지하는지에 대한 중요한 통찰력을 제공하였다.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2023

We monitored the hitchhiker insect pests from the international vessels entering into Korea in 2021. As a result, total of 581 individuals were detected by the survey based on visual inspection with naked eye. Among them, 500 individuals were identified as 244 species of 65 families under 11 orders through the integrative taxonomic method with DNA barcoding and morphological reexamination, but the remaining 81 individuals were classified as only to the family level. Of the 244 species identified, 26 species were determined to be not-distributed species in Korea (two Orthoptera, two Hemiptera, one Megaloptera, five Coleoptera, three Hymenoptera, and 13 Lepidoptera). Among them, two species, Sagra femorata (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) and Dendrolimus punctatus (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera), were discovered as 'Regulated species' listed by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, South Korea. Therefore, we reported on the 26 not-distributed species in Korea and provided inanimate pathway information such as navigation routes on the vessels hitchhiking the species, state of the samples at the time of detection, identification results and original distribution for the detailed monitoring and the risk analysis on the species.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2023

Farming activities are transforming from traditional skill-based agriculture into knowledge-based and technology-driven digital agriculture. The use of intelligent information and communication technology introduces the idea of smart farming that enables farmers to collect weather data, monitor crop growth remotely and detect crop diseases easily. The introduction of Plantix, a pest and disease management tool in the form of a mobile application has allowed farmers to identify pests and diseases of the crop using their mobile devices. Hence, this study collected the reviews of Plantix to explore the response of the users on the Google Play Store towards the application through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling. Results indicate four latent topics in the reviews: two positive evaluations (compliments, appreciation) and two suggestions (plant options, recommendations). We found the users suggested the application to additional plant options and additional features that might help the farmers with their difficulties. In addition, the application is expected to benefit the farmer more by having an early alert of diseases to farmers and providing various substitutes and a list of components for the remedial measures.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.381-392
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• 2018

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganesis (Cmm) is a quarantine-worthy pest in $M{\acute{e}}xico$. The implementation and validation of new technologies is necessary to reduce the time for bacterial detection in laboratory conditions and Raman spectroscopy is an ambitious technology that has all of the features needed to characterize and identify bacteria. Under controlled conditions a contagion process was induced with Cmm, the disease epidemiology was monitored. Micro-Raman spectroscopy ($532nm\;{\lambda}$ laser) technique was evaluated its performance at assisting on Cmm detection through its characteristic Raman spectrum fingerprint. Our experiment was conducted with tomato plants in a completely randomized block experimental design (13 plants ${\times}$ 4 rows). The Cmm infection was confirmed by 16S rDNA and plants showed symptoms from 48 to 72 h after inoculation, the evolution of the incidence and severity on plant population varied over time and it kept an aggregated spatial pattern. The contagion process reached 79% just 24 days after the epidemic was induced. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved its speed, efficiency and usefulness as a non-destructive method for the preliminary detection of Cmm. Carotenoid specific bands with wavelengths at 1146 and $1510cm^{-1}$ were the distinguishable markers. Chemometric analyses showed the best performance by the implementation of PCA-LDA supervised classification algorithms applied over Raman spectrum data with 100% of performance in metrics of classifiers (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative and positive predictive value) that allowed us to differentiate Cmm from other endophytic bacteria (Bacillus and Pantoea). The unsupervised KMeans algorithm showed good performance (100, 96, 98, 91 y 100%, respectively).

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제37권
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• pp.327-348
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 한반도 이남의 지역적 기후 특성을 분석하고, 서식하고 있는 흰개미 (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto)의 생태적 특성 및 선호도(온도, 습도, 수종)를 실험실에서 확인하였다. 한반도 이남, 특히 남부지역은 흰개미(R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto)의 서식 및 활동에 최적인 기후지역으로 확인되었다. 부산이 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki의 야외 분포 북방한계 ($4^{\circ}C$)에 근접되어 있고, 춘천이 Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe의 야외분포 북방한계 ($-4^{\circ}C$)가 한반도를 통과하는 지역으로 확인되었다. 흰개미는 $30^{\circ}C$ (90% RH이상)에서 최대 먹이 섭취율을 보였다. $10^{\circ}C$에서 $30^{\circ}C$(90% RH 이상)까지 약 95%이상의 생존율이 관찰되었지만, $32^{\circ}C$이상에서 사망률이 높아졌다. 또한 52% RH($30^{\circ}C$)와 70% RH($30^{\circ}C$)에서 높은 사망률(100%)이 관찰되었지만 84% RH에서 높은 생존율(97%)을 보였다. 침엽수인 소나무를 먹이로 선호하고 높은 생존율(87%)을 보였지 만 활엽수인 오동나무에서는 낮은 생존율(14%)이 확인되었다. 서울 종묘의 자연수림에서 흰개미의 침입율은 약 34.5%(55개 지점 중 19개 지점, 3년간) 이었다. 침입율은 매년 증가하였지만 발견율은 낮아지고 실종률은 높아지는 경향이 확인되었다. 흰개미 군체 일부는 발견된 목재를 계속 섭취하고, 다른 일부는 새로운 목재를 탐색하는 먹이 찾기 습성을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 종묘의 지표부근에서 흰개미를 관찰할 수 있는 기간은 2001년 4월부터 11월까지이고 최대 활동기는 7월 및 8월인 것으로 야외실험을 통하여 확인하였다. 그리고 동절기(2000년 11월~2001년 3월)에도 지중에서 활동하는 것이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과, 한국 목조문화재를 가해하는 흰개미의 생태적 특성 및 가해 정도에 관한 생물학적 기초 자료를 최초로 제시하였다. 특히 한반도 이남의 기후조건에 따른 흰개미의 활동시기 및 이에 따른 지역적 손상분포를 확인하고 이를 방제할 수 있는 목재 보존제의 성분 특성 및 효과가 확인됨에 따라 향후 생물학적 손상, 특히 흰개미로부터 한국 목조문화재를 예방적으로 보존 관리하기 위한 종합적 방안수립(Integrated Pest Management, IPM)이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 이러한 연구결과는 흰개미로 발생되는 경제적 손실을 줄일 수 있는 방제학적 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.749-759
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• 2009

A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from Spanish citrus orchards has been performed, and the strains were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a key citrus pest in Spain. From a total of 150 environmental samples, 376 isolates were selected, recording a total B. thuringiensis index of 0.52. The collection was characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and PCR analysis with primer pairs detecting toxin genes cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry12, cry14, cry17, cry19, cry21, cry27, cry39, cry44, cyt1, and cyt2. Diverse crystal inclusion morphologies were identified: bipyramidal (45%), round (40%), adhered to the spore (7%), small (5%), and irregular (3%). SDS-PAGE of spore-crystal preparations revealed 39 different electrophoresis patterns. All primer pairs used in PCR tests gave positive amplifications in strains of our collection, except for primers for detection of cry3, cry19, cry39, or cry44 genes. Strains containing cry1, cry2, cry4, and cry27 genes were the most abundant (48.7%, 46%, 11.2%, and 8.2% of the strains, respectively). Ten different genetic profiles were found, although a total of 109 strains did not amplify with the set of primers used. Screening for toxicity against C. capitata adults was performed using both spore-crystal and soluble fractions. Mortality levels were less than 30%. We have developed a large and diverse B. thuringiensis strain collection with huge potential to control several agricultural pests; however, further research is needed to find out Bt strains active against C. capitata.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.396-406
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• 2016

Continuous supplementation of mineral nutrients and salicylic acid (SA) as foliar application could improve efficacy in controlling basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm seedling. It is revealed from the results that the highest disease severity index (58.3%) was recorded in T8 treatments at 9 months after inoculation. The best disease control was achieved by T7 treatments (calcium/copper/SA [Ca/Cu/SA]) (5.0%) followed by T1 (5.5%), T5 (5.8%), T3 (8.3%), T6 (8.3%), T4 (13.3%), and T2 (15.8%) treatments. Continuous supplementation of Ca/Cu/SA was found to be the most effective in controlling the disease and the high performance liquid chromatography results showed the detection of ergosterol at very low concentration in the treated samples. Moreover, the transmission electron microscopy analysis results clearly indicated that T7 treatment was also enhancing lignification, which was responsible for the thickness of the secondary cell walls and middle lamella compared to untreated samples. It was therefore, concluded that continuous supplementation of minerals nutrients and SA could effectively suppress disease severity by reducing ergosterol activity and also improve the process of lignification in the treated plants. Furthermore, this treatment also managed to delay the onset of BSR symptoms and promote the growth of the seedlings and eventually suppress the BSR disease.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.437-445
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• 2021

Tilletia laevis Kuhn (syn. Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro.) causes wheat common bunt, which is one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. Common bunt can result in a reduction of 80% or even a total loss of wheat production. In this study, the characteristics of T. laevis infection in compatible wheat plants were defined based on the combination of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found T. laevis could lead to the abnormal growth of wheat tissues and cells, such as leakage of chloroplasts, deformities, disordered arrangements of mesophyll cells and also thickening of the cell wall of mesophyll cells in leaf tissue. What's more, T. laevis teliospores were found in the roots, stems, flag leaves, and glumes of infected wheat plants instead of just in the ovaries, as previously reported. The abnormal characteristics caused by T. laevis may be used for early detection of this pathogen instead of molecular markers in addition to providing theoretical insights into T. laevis and wheat interactions for breeding of common bunt resistance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.310-321
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• 2024

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are well-known examples of the begomovirus and orthotospovirus genera, respectively. These viruses cause significant economic damage to tomato crops worldwide. Weeds play an important role in the ongoing presence and spread of several plant viruses, such as TYLCV and TSWV, and are recognized as reservoirs for these infections. This work applies a comprehensive approach, encompassing field surveys and molecular techniques, to acquire an in-depth understanding of the interactions between viruses and their weed hosts. A total of 60 tomato samples exhibiting typical symptoms of TYLCV and TSWV were collected from a tomato greenhouse farm in Nonsan, South Korea. In addition, 130 samples of 16 different weed species in the immediate surroundings of the greenhouse were collected for viral detection. PCR and reverse transcription-PCR methodologies and specific primers for TYLCV and TSWV were used, which showed that 15 tomato samples were coinfected by both viruses. Interestingly, both viruses were also detected in perennial weeds, such as Rumex crispus, which highlights their function as viral reservoirs. Our study provides significant insights into the co-occurrence of TYLCV and TSWV in weed reservoirs, and their subsequent transmission under tomato greenhouse conditions. This project builds long-term strategies for integrated pest management to prevent and manage simultaneous virus outbreaks, known as twindemics, in agricultural systems.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.415-419
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• 2019

피프로닐은 N-페닐피라졸계의 살충제로 해충 방지제로 사용되고 있으며, WHO에서는 피프로닐을 발암물질 2급으로 분류 및 규제하고 있다. 피프로닐은 급성중독 시에 현기증, 근육약화, 호흡곤란, 피부자극, 심박수 증가 등의 다양한 증상이 나타나는 것으로 알려져 있고 피프로닐 설폰 또한 이와 비슷한 증상을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 피프로닐이 함유된 계란이 유통되면서 전 세계적으로 독성 문제가 확산되고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 동물 혈청 시료 중 피프로닐 및 피프로닐 설폰의 노출량 분석법 개발을 시도하였다. 이동상에 따른 차이 및 액체-액체 추출과 고체상추출 전처리 방법에 따른 결과를 비교하였다. 이동상은 증류수(A)와 아세토니트릴(B)을 선정하였고, 전처리 방법은 고체상추출로 진행하였다. 분석법검증을 수행한 결과, 일내/일간 정확도는 82.2~114.1% 이었고, 정밀도는 20% 이하로 나타났다. 검출한계는 피프로닐 0.027 ng/ml, 피프로닐 설폰은 0.087 ng/mL 이었고, 검량선 회귀식의 결정계수(r²)는 0.99 이상으로 우수한 직선성을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 동물 혈청 중 피프로닐 및 피프로닐 설폰 분석방법을 이용하여 일부 동물 혈청에서의 농도를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 분석법을 이용하여 동물 혈청뿐만 아니라 피프로닐 및 피프로닐 설폰의 인체 모니터링을 위한 분석법으로도 사용 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.