• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Objectives : The Wenyilun is the first specialized text on warm disease, written by Wuyouke from the Ming period in 1642. Methods : This paper examines the newly discovered manuscript of the Wenyilun called the Yeonreungjip, focusing on its bibliography and content. In addition, the original script of the Yeonreungjip was studied philologically. Results : 1. The Yeonreungjip was transcribed in the early 20th century. 2. The Jongbaegmuusan formula is a tried and tested prescription unique to Korea. 3. The original script of the Yeonreungjip is affiliated with the Chinese Liuchang edition. It is uncertain when this edition was introduced to Korea. 4. The contents of the Yeonreungjip referenced the Siququanshu edition series. Conclusions : In conclusion, the Yeonreungjip is the only transcribed version of the specialized Chinese warm disease text from the Joseon period that is known today. Its implication in the research of warm disease introduction to Korea is manifold.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2006

Objective : Report on a hepatitis B patient with abnormal AST/ALT, HBeAg(+), and habitual diarrhea stemming from irritable colon. Methods : Lab-evaluation of intervals of herb medicine treatment for a patient with hepatitis B with HBeAg and irritable colon. Result & Conclusion : AST/ALT level was normalized and did not rise again. Seroconversion to HBeAb repeatedly appeared just druing the time of the treatment, but typically repeated seroconversion between treatment period and no treatment period confirmed that the treatment was effective for the immune system against hepatitis B. The exact mechanism is not clear but the result provides an indication that oriental herbal medicine has potential capacity to treat liver diseases.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2003

The Theory for Monarch, Minister, Adjuvant and Dispatcher (or the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines) has served as a standard principle for newly developed prescription formulas as well as established ones. Despite its significance, however, this theory hasn't been thoroughly studied and covered in the academic journals of Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines (KOHM) yet. This paper inquires into the origin of the theory while presenting the definitions and functions of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM. In the end, the recommended doses and number of the KOHM comprising each of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM are suggested. The compatibility theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM can be traced back to the Warring States Period during which it was recorded in the treatise of the various schools of thoughts and their exponents. The theory was firmly established as a full system in ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$. While ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}$ focuses on the classification of the properties of KOHM, ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ mainly deals with the principles for writing prescriptions. In this regard, it is ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ that systemized the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM in a real sense. Principal KOHM aims at the causes of diseases and treat main symptoms. The doses are greater than Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM. With their comprehensive effects, Principal KOHM is a leading ingredient of any prescription formula. Assistant KOHM are similar to Principal KOHM in its natures and flavors. Although its natures, flavors as well as efficacies may slightly differ from those of Principal KOHM, Assistant KOHM strengthens the therapeutic effects, jointly working with Principal KOHM. They mainly treat accompanying diseases and symptoms. Adjuvant KOHM is divided into two types: facilitator and inhibitor. Facilitators with the similar properties to those of Principal and Assistant KOHM help strengthen the therapeutic effects. Since they usually treat accompanying symptoms or secondary accompanying symptoms (minor accompanying symptoms), there are two kinds of facilitators. (1) The first kind of facilitators assists Principal KOHM, targeting accompanying symptoms. (2) The second ones supporting Assistant KOHM are for accompanying or secondary accompanying symptoms (or minor accompanying symptoms). Inhibitors counteract and thereby complement Principal and Assistant KOHM. Some of them inhibit the side effects or toxicity of Principal KOHM for the sake of the safety of the whole prescription formula while the others generate induced interactions. Guiding KOHM can be used for two purposes: guiding and mediating. The Guiding KOHM for the former purpose leads the other KOHM in a prescription formula to the lesion. But, the Guiding KOHM for mediating coodinate and harmonize all the ingredients in a prescription formula. The number of KOHM for those Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM and their doses are different, depending on the types of prescriptions: classical prescriptions, prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$ and prescriptions of Sasang Constitutions Medicines. In the case of the prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$, it is highly recommended to follow the view of ${\ulcorner}$Thesaurus of Korean Oriental Medicine Doctors in Chosun Dynasty${\lrcorner}$ for the number of KOHM to be used. For the doses, however, ${\ulcorner}$Elementary Course for Medicine${\lrcorner}$, is found to be more accurate. The most appropriate number of KOHM per prescription is 11-13. To be more specific, for one prescription formula, it is recommended to administer one kind of KOHM for Principal KOHM, 2-3 for Assistant KOHM, 3-4 for Adjuvant KOHM and 5 for Guiding KOHM. As for the proportion of the doses, when 10 units are to be administered for Principal KOHM in a formula, the doses for the other three should be 7-8 units for Assistant KOHM, 5-6 for Adjuvant KOHM and 3-4 for Guiding KOHM. The doses of the KOHM added to or taken out of the prescription correspond to those of Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.398-411
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• 2001

The separation system of pharmacy and clinic has begun on the purpose of preventing drug misuse and abuse since July 1st of 2000. The system revealed some conflicts between doctors. pharmacists and consumers. Consequently pharmaceutical law and related policies undergone some change. Now in an early period of the implementation of the system, the necessity to examine relevance of those policies and law enforcement to medical doctors' prescriptions pattern evolves. This study tries to verify the pattern through a field study. For the purpose, 930 prescriptions collected in May of 2001, from a pharmacy located in Gangnam-gu in Seoul, were analysed. The prescriptions were issued from several clinics: 459 prescriptions from otorhinolaryngological clinic(ENT), 177 from internal medicine clinic(IM), 130 from ophthalmic clinic(Opt), 52 from obstetric and gynecologic clinic(OB & GY), and 112 from miscellaneous clinics. ENT, IM, Opt. OB & GY are situated in a clinic building of 40m distance. The general findings are following: 1) $88.8\%$ of the total patients came from 5clinics in nearby single clinic building. 2) Average prescribing days were 6.2 days and the average number of used drugs were 4.0 drugs, i.e. 2-4 times of WHO criteria 1-2 drugs. 3) Use of antibiotics in the oral administration drugs rated $71.8\%(WHO: \;22.7\%)$ 4) Use of injection rated $31.3\%(WHO:\;17.2\%)$ 5) $96.2\%$ of the patients use multiple antibiotics in the injection and oral administration together. 6) The patients had multiple disease : ENT patients 1.7 disease and 1M patients has 2.7 disease in average and several regular prescribing types evolved particularly in the ENT prescription. With this result we found that drugs. especially antibiotics are still abused a lot, and there were significant differences in the number of used drugs and prescrbing days between the clinics. It implies somes differences of the preparation work and time for pharmacists. And preparation can be done in advance by pharmacists' own efforts through noticing regular prescribing types. The study suggests the followings: 1) Patient counseling should be done to minimize the incidence of adverse events. 2) The enforcement of the standardized differential preparation price system should be reconsidered. 3) Preparation of typical regularly appeared prescription in advance. which is regarded as 'a prearranged work between doctors and pharmacists' and has been prohibited should be reconsidered. 4) Drug utilization review program should be established to prevent drugs abuse. especially antibiotics abuse.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.304-314
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• 2001

Major purposes of this study were to investigate the administration patterns of analgesics and sedatives in SICU and to identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives by ICU nurses. The sample of this descriptive study was 50 adult patients in SICU and 53 ICU nurses. Patient's medical records were reviewed to investigate names, doses, the routes of administration, the interval of administration, and the type of prescription of sedatives and analgesics administered. Study medications were narcotics, hypnotics, and antipsychotics. To identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives, 53 ICU nurses checked 9 items, and rank them from first to fifth. The selection of items was based on the previous studies and the experience of the investigator. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The mean age of the subjects was 53 years, 24 patients out of 50 subjects had received mechanical ventilation therapy. Most of the patients received neurosurgeries and abdominal surgeries. 2. For 4 days, 13 total study medications and combination of these were administered to the patients. Commonly prescribed drugs were Ketoprofen and Midazolam. Twenty six to fourty two percent of the patients did not receive any drugs for at least one day during the four days. 3. On the average, the study drugs were administerd 1.4 to 2.6 times per day during 4 days. 4. More than 50 percent of the prescription was as-needed (prn) except those of the POD 3. Fourteen percent of the patients did not have any prescription for sedation and pain control after surgery. 5. Examination of the frequency of sedatives and analgesics bolus administration revealed that a greater number of doses were given during daytime (from 7 am. to 7 pm.) than nighttime (from 7 pm. to 7 am.). The difference was significant at Alpha, .05. 6. First factor that most influenced nurses to administer sedatives and analgesics for intubated patients was the evaluation of patient's vital signs (51%). For non- intubated patients, the factors that nurses considered important were the patients' complaints of pain (64%) and evaluations of patients' vital signs (23%). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that patients in SICU might not receive enough analgesics and sedatives to feel completely free from pain during the post operational period. Future study should be focused on the evaluation of the adequacy of current practice for pain and anxiety control in terms of the SICU patient's response.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.17-41
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• 2016

Subjects : A literature research on the constitution and medicinal effect & adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan". "Bullsusan" is a herbal prescription composed of Angelicae Gigantis Radix(當歸) and Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎). Objectives : Through the researching on the records of "Bullsusan" in Korean Traditional Medical Books, gain the literature evidence for adaptation to these days child labor as a pre-labor keeping herbal medicine. And have detailed consideration on the constitution of prescription and medicinal effect & adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan". Methods : First, researched the records of "Bullsusan" in Korean Traditional Medical Books which were included at A Series of Korean Medicine(韓國醫學大系) and analysed component ratio, nickname, herbal manufacture and drug processing method, medicinal effect and adaptation diseases. Second, referred related Korean and Chinese researches that examined the medicinal effect and adaptation diseases of "Bullsusan" by scientific experimentation. Conclusions : We found total 46 records of "Bullsusan" from 20 kinds of Korean Traditional Medical Books included at A Series of Korean Medicine. Prescription component ratio of Angelicae Gigantis Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma were 3:2, 1:1, 2:1, 1:1. 3:2 had most 20 records and 1:1 had second 14 records. Especially 1:1 had a tendency of having nickname "Goonguitang", but not must had. First herbal manufacture was powder, it had 8 records. First drug processing method was decocting with water and alcohol, had 19 records. Medical Effects of "Bullsusan" can be induced to next 8, that were "remove get bad blood, give birth new blood", "easy labor by reducing fetal volume", "acceleration of labor", "test of fetal survival, elimination of dead embryo", "elimination of placenta", "revive", "allaying pain", "nourish the blood". From these medical effects, 9 adaptation diseases can be induced. That were "threatened abortion", "womb ache and vaginal bleeding by spontaneous abortion", "pre-labor keeping(prevention of hard labor)", "acceleration of labor", "hard labor", "missed abortion", "postnatal vaginal bleeding, dizziness, asthma, headache, womb ache", "postnatal mastoptosis and mastodynia", "first aid symptom like as dizziness, unconsciousness, stroke caused by excessive bleeding". The medical effect of "acceleration of labor" and "elimination of placenta" have been examined by modern clinical research. The effect of "remove get bad blood, give birth new blood", "allaying pain" and "nourish the blood" have been examined by modern experimental study. But overdosing on "Bullsusan" to pregnant mouse can cause natural abortion, so the proper dose of "Bullsusan" in pregnant period is very important.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2015

Background: The recent change in pharmaceutical education system following the paradigm shift to patient-oriented pharmacy service requires an in-depth discussion to reorganize a future direction and establish a basis for maximizing social values of community pharmacy service. Objective: This study was conducted to review the current status of community pharmacy service provision in Korea based on published literatures. Methods: The electronic databases of National Digital Science Library and Electronic National Assembly Library were used to search the journal articles and dissertation papers. A search term "community pharmacy" was used and the published period was limited to papers published after year 2001, when the legal separation of prescribing and dispensing was implemented. Relevant study reports were also searched manually. Information about pharmacy service provision and study outcomes were retrieved from the selected papers, and classified by predefined individual service scope. Results: A total 33 papers reporting services provided by community pharmacies were selected (journal article 11, dissertation paper 17, and study report 5). Pharmacy services identified in these papers could be classified into prescription dispensing service, pharmaceutical care service, self medication service, other products service, and health promotion service. Twenty papers reported prescription dispensing services, three papers reported pharmaceutical care service, and only two papers reported health promotion service. Current community pharmacy services are highly dependent on prescription drugs while expanded services such as pharmaceutical care and health promotion are peripheral. Most prevalent research topic was medication counseling service (18 papers), reflecting that community pharmacists generally consider it to be the most important and fundamental service. Overall, current pharmacy services are very limited and focus on prescription dispensing service. Conclusion: At this point of time requiring expansion and quality improvement of community pharmacy services, we suggest further lively discussion to strengthen pharmacist's functional identity and set conditions for providing socially expected services.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.201-220
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• 1999

1. 목적 대부분의 사상처방(四象處方)은 기존 처방을 기본 모델로 하여 가감(加減)의 형식을 취하면서 발전하였음을 알 수 있다. 특히 소음인(少陰人)은 다른 체질에 비해 기존 한의학에서 이미 병증(病證)과 약리(藥理)가 비교적 자세히 밝혀졌다고 하였는바 소음인(少陰人)의 병증(病證)과 약리(藥理)가 다른 체질에 비해 기존 한의학에서 많은 영향을 받았을 것으로 유추해 볼 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 사상처방(四象處方)형성이 기존 한의학에서 어떻게 발전되는가 하는 문제에 쉽게 접근할 수 있을 것이라고 판단된다. 이에 저자(著者)는 소음인(少陰人) 의 기본 모델링이 된 처방(處方)중에서 가장 핵심적인 처방(處方)이라 할 수 있는 계기장(桂技場)이 소음인병증(少陰人病證)에서 어떻게 이해되었으며 병증(病證)에 따라 어떻게 변용(變用)되는가를 고찰(考察)해 봄으로써 소음인(少陰人)의 병증약리(病證藥理)에 대한이해의 폭을 넓히고자 하였다. 2. 연구방법 1) 소음인(少陰人)의 병증(病證)을 표상(表喪) 병증(病證)으로 구분하고 병증(病證) 약리(藥理) 용약(用藥)을 정리하였다. 2) 기존(旣存) 한의학(韓醫學)에서의 계기장(桂技場)에 대한 해석(解釋)과 방해(方解)를 상한론(傷寒論)을 중심으로 살펴보고 동의수세본원(東醫壽世保元)에서의 계기장증(桂技場證)에 대한 해석과의 차이점을 비교하였다. 3) 계기장(桂技楊)의 운계방(運系方)을 구분하는 기준으로는 계주(桂技), 작약(芍藥), 생강(生薑)이 모두 들어있으며 그 처방 자체가 계기장(桂技楊)의 정신이 들어있는 것으로 하였다. 4) 동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元)의 소음인(少陰人) 처방 중 계기장(桂技楊)의 연계방(連系方)을 상한론(傷寒論) 경험방(經驗方), 후세방중(後世方中) 소음인병(少陰人病) 에 경험(經驗)한 요방중(要方中) 계기장(桂技楊)의 연계방(連系方), 그리고 소음인(少陰人) 신정처방(新定處方)중 표병증(表病證)과 이병증(裏病證)에 사용하는 연계방(連系方)중에 계기장(桂技楊) 연계방(連系方)들을 각각 나누어 분석하였다. 5) 이 외에 계기장(桂技楊)의 연계장(連系方)은 아니지만 각각의 단계에서 이와 유사한 정신이 들어 있는 처방들을 분류하였다. 3. 결론 신정처방(新定處方)중 계지탕 연계방은 표병(表病)에 7방(方)이 있고 이병(裏病)에 2방(方)이 있는데 표병증에는 천궁계지탕, 황기계지탕, 숭양익기탕, 승양익기부자탕, 황기 계지부자탕, 인삼계지부자탕, 인삼관계부자탕 등이, 이병증에는 계지반하생강탕, 산밀탕 등이 계지탕에서 변용(變用)된 처방으로 해석되며, 표병에서는 양기의 진퇴강약에 따라 이병에서는 냉기의 취산경중에 따라 병증구분과 처방의 내용이 변화됨을 알 수 있다. 또한 곽향정기산, 향소산, 궁귀향소산, 팔물군자탕 등은 계지탕의 변방(變方)은 아니지만 각각의 병증(病證) 단계에 있어서 계기장(桂技場) 변방(變方)과 같은 정신으로 제시되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 소음인(少陰人)에서 병증(病證)이 명확히 구분되지만 서로 다른 병증에 사용되는 처방이 내용상 유사한 점을 보이는데, 이는 보명지주(保命之主)인 양원지기(陽援之氣)를 유지한다는 동일한 목표에서 승강창념(升降廠念)의 치법이 운용되기 때문으로 파악 된다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.52-73
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• 2002

1. Purpose We can find the Newly created prescriptions of ShinChukBon DongyiSuseBowon which is not described at the Discourse on the Constitutional Symptoms and Diseases and still more not exist symptom in charge. And some of prescriptions of Discourse on the Constitutional Symptoms and Diseases is not described the composition. So how can we understand that prescriptions is the purpose of research. 2. Methods All the prescription of ShinChukBon DongyiSuseBowon is analyzed by many directions and compared with early books which is DongyiSuseBowonSasangChoBonKywun, GaBoBon DongyiSuseBowon etc. 3. Result and Conclusion We can find the analysis of prescriptions of ShinChukBon DongyiSuseBowon as follows. All prescriptions can't be make clear the base of the Discourse on the Constitutional Symptoms and Diseases as only ShinChukBon DongyiSuseBowon. And that is made at the different period More research is need that how can we understand the Newly created prescriptions which is not described at the Discourse on the Constitutional Symptoms and prescriptions of Discourse on the Constitutional Symptoms and Diseases which is not described the composition. So we must expain again in view of the varies period.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.105-127
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• 2020

The three major medical compilations of the Joseon Dynasty, Hyangyak-jipseongbang, Uibang-yuchwi, and Dongui-bogam, directly cited a total of 376 kinds of medical books. Among them, 11 medical books were commonly referred: Gyeongheom-yangbang, Deukyobang, Saminbang, Seonmyeongnon, Seongje-chongnok, Seonghyebang, Eoui-chwaryo, Yeongnyu-geombang, Wisaeng-bogam, Cheongeumbang, and Tangaek-boncho. Most of them were medical classics and formularies representing the period from the Song to the early Ming Dynasties, which most likely influenced the establishment of Joseon's medical tradition throughout the Joseon Dynasty. The reason why the majority of the medical reference books was formularies seems to be that prescription practices and the use of medicinals value knowledge with accumulated experience over a long period, whereas medical ideas and doctrines change with time. Besides, except for Eoui-chwaryo compiled in the Goryeo Dynasty, the three significant compilations referred to Chinese medical books, which indicates that the compilers made efforts to accommodate the newly introduced foreign knowledge. At the same time, the former compilations, Hyangyak-jipseongbang and Uibang-yuchwi, later appeared as primary references in Dongui-bogam's Medical Formularies of Successive Generations. However, in order to avoid overlapping the same contents, the compilers tried to form a differentiated version by extracting only the unique contents.