• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.12-29
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effect on factors related lactation after administration of Palmul-tang in postpartum C57BL/6N mice. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were divided into control group post-par group and pre-par group. Pre-par and post-par group were administered Palmul-tang(p.o) twice a week for 4 weeks or 3 weeks respectively. Control group was administered normal saline for 3 weeks. Then we observed morphological change, immunohistochemical density and milk protein gene expression of factors related lactation within mammary gland of postpartum mice. Results: In post-par and pre-par groups, adipose tissue within mammary gland significantly decreased, and ductal branch and alveoli prominently developed than that of control group at 1~3 weeks after administraion of Palmul-tang. In post-par and pre-par groups, density of immunoreactivity on oxytocin, prolactin, estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary glandular tissue significantly increased than that of control group. mRNA expression of $\beta$-casein and placental lactogen (PL)-1 in post-par group was more increased than that of control and pre-par groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that Palmul-tang significantly improved factors related lactation at postpartum period.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1998

Plasma and milk samples of 24 periparturient Holstein cows were collected from 1 week prepartum to 10 week postpartum to measure the effects of parity on mineral status in periparturient cows. Cows were fed mainly mixed ration with the concentrate supplement during the experimental period to meet nutrient requirement of dairy cattle for TDN, protein, and minerals, Plasma Ca of cows decrease as parity increased, but plasma Mg, K, Fe and Zn were lowest in the first lactation cows. Plasma inorganic P, Na, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by the parity. Plasma Ca, Fe and Zn of cows decreased at parturition, but plasma Mg increase. Plasma Ca of the first, second and third and more lactation cows at parturition were 9.65, 8.96, and 8.92 mg/dl, respectively. Colostral Ca, P, Mg, Na, and Zn were highest in the first lactation cows, although colostrum yield was lower. Milk yield from 1 to 10 weeks postpartum was lowest in the first lactation cows, but mineral concentrations in milk were not affected by the parity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1316-1322
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• 2000

Data were compiled and statistically analyzed on the lactation of 50% and 75% Thai native-Friesian crossbred and purebred Friesian cows that were fed at a national institute in Chiang Mai, Thailand. More than 30% higher milk production was obtained in the 75% crossbred compared with that in the 50%, but this amount of milk production in the upgraded breed was still about half that of purebred Friesians; 2,138 kg, least squares means during an average lactation period of 279 days in the 50% crossbred, 2,847 kg during 277 days in the 75% crossbred and 5,585 kg during 308 days in the purebred. Environmental stress due to tropical climate was alleviated by the use of electric fans and water sprinklers in the feeding house during the hot season, and improved diet seemed to enable purebred Friesians to keep their ability to produce a milk quantity of more than 6,500 kg per year. This special care was not given to crossbreds and significantly negative correlations were found between daily minimum temperature and humidity during the initial 100 days of lactation and total milk production and average daily milk yield in the 75% crossbreds. However, these correlations were not found in the 50% crossbreds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1988

Daily milk yield estimates were obtained on 74 lactations of 35 Japanese Black cows on weeks 1 to 9, 11, 13, 17, 21 and 26 postpartum using the weigh-suckle-weigh method. The data obtained were analyzed by least-squares procedures according to the models including the following effects; dam, lactation number, season of calving, week of experiment and partial regressions on the lactation number. The overall mean and standard error for daily milk yield was $4.55{\pm}0.04\;kg$. The milk yield declined essentially linearly throughout the experimental period. The main effects of lactation number, season of calving and week of experiment were highly significant. Differences in daily milk yield among cows were significant, and the repeatability was estimated as $0.60{\pm}0.06$. The overall means(kg) and repeat-abilities of cumulative milk yield for 1, 4, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 26 weeks postpartum were 41, 0.08; 166, 0.40; 361, 0.61; 503, 0.66; 632, 0.67; 749, 0.65 and 884, 0.58; respectively. The means of calf weight at birth and 26 weeks weight for different lactations ranged from 25.5 to 33.6 kg and 145.6 to 185.4 kg, respectively. Calf daily gains between experiment weeks were low in earlier stages of lactation.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 1982

A study of 188 lactations of Holstein cows in Gwangju area was undertaken to establish the shape of lactation curve during the period from October in 1980 to January in 1982. The Gammafunction described by Wood(1967) was fitted to the lactations observed. The results obtained in the present study were summarized as follows; 1. The lactation curve of the 188 lactations was expressed by the equation based on Wood's model (1967) as follows; Yn=24.5m0.0762e-0.0944n(R2=0.99) 2. The lactation curves by parity were represented by the equations as follows; Yn=18.81n0.1486e-0.0741n(R2=0.98)……………parity 1 Yn=26.51n0.1161e-0.1200n(R2=0.96)……………parity 2 Yn=26.95n0.2804e-0.1703n(R2=0.99)……………parity 3 Yn=27.92n0.1429e-0.1427n(R2=0.98)……………parity 4 Yn=22.61n0.1985e-0.1211n(R2=0.94)……………parity 5 3. The lactation curves by calving seasons were represented by the equationes as follows; Yn=27.05n0.0739e-0.1005n(R2=0.98)……………spring Yn=23.08n0.2040e-0.1202n(R2=0.98)……………summer Yn=26.81n0.0460e-0.1134n(R2=0.98)……………autumn Yn=23.40n0.1299e-0.1101n(R2=0.95)……………winter

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.471-476
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• 1995

The relationship between udder maximum capacity (36-h accumulated milk yield) and the response of dairy cows (average producers) to thrice-daily milking was studied in 25 Friesian and 15 Jersey cows using the technique of half-udder study. Maximum half-udder capacity (acual yield) as well as whole udder capacity (estimated by udder measurements) was not altered significantly after 12-day thrice-daily milking period compared with a similar twice-daily period, although there was a positive response to increased milking frequency on secretion rate during this period. No effect of breed, season of the year or stage of lactation was observed on the above relationship. Hours-worth of capacity was higher with increased milking frequency, with Jersey than Friesian. These results suggest that udder capacity is not a limiting factor in increased milk production.

• 아동학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.115-131
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• 2008

Using the narrative method of qualitative research, this study of the puerperal period (6 weeks just after delivery) analyzed how mothers, after birthing their first child, changed from women to mothers. The survey of 8 mothers was implemented by personal interviews, talking on the phone, or chatting on the internet 5 to 7 times each over one year. Results showed that mothers first realized that they were changing from women to mothers by experiencing sudden physical changes through delivery and lactation and by such childrearing behaviors as feeding, bathing, and putting their child to bed. Mothers recognized this process was facilitated by relationships with others owing to their shared interest in the child.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1513-1520
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• 2009

Forty-six Holstein heifers were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments to evaluate the effects of 2 diets varying in ruminal fermentable carbohydrate sources, namely ground corn (GC) and rolled wheat (RW), on metabolism and performance of primiparous cows in the periparturient period. The heifers were fed diets as a total mixed ration (TMR) with similar energy and crude protein content including i) 18.57% GC, or ii) 18.57% RW from -24.13${\pm}$7.73 d relative to expected calving until calving. After calving, all animals received the same lactation diet until 28 d. Animals were group fed from the beginning of the study to -7 d relative to expected calving, fed individually from d -7 to 7 days in milk (DIM), and again group fed to 28 DIM. The pre-partum diets affected (p<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), energy intake, energy balance (EB) and urinary pH during the last week pre-partum. There was no effect of pre-partum carbohydrate source on overall plasma concentration of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin, and cortisol during the periparturient period. Cows fed the RW diet during the pre-partum period had greater calcium for the first week (p<0.05) and during 28 d (p = 0.08) of lactation compared with heifers fed the GC diet. Primiparous cows fed the RW diet produced greater milk protein content and yield (p<0.05). Primiparous cows fed the RW diet had lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC) than cows fed the GC diet (p<0.05). The results of this study show that feeding pre-partum diets with a rapidly fermentable source of starch but low energy content can improve animal metabolism and performance and smooth the transition of primiparous Holstein cows from gestation to lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1415-1421
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• 2006

Proper nutritional management during the dry period is required to prevent metabolic disorders during the time of parturition and for potential increase milk yield during early lactation, especially under the heat of summer. The effect of prepartum diets on partitioning of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) during dry period and early lactation in summer was investigated. Nine cows were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C: four cows) or high concentrate (group H: five cows) diets to meet 110% of their requirements before parturition. The proportion of concentrate in control diet was 35%, and that in the high concentrate diet was 45%. After parturition, all cows were fed the same diets ad libitum during lactation. Balance trials were conducted at 9, 8 and 7 days before parturition and at 12, 13 and 14 days after parturition. Before parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), DM and NFE digestibility in group C tended to be lower than those in group H. The retention of N (p<0.01) and P (p<0.05) in group C during the dry period was significantly lower than those in group H. The retention of Mg in group C during the dry period tended to be lower than in group H. The concentration of plasma NEFA in group C tended to be higher than in group H during dry period. The prepartum diet did not have an apparent effect on DMI and milk yield at 2 weeks after parturition and N, Ca, P, Mg and K balance after parturition.